tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-27486951868972568032024-03-14T10:31:25.221-07:00The Dysgenics Investigation - Race, Science and The Human Genome Project - Eugenics - (Akoniti)The Climate investigationshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10269393341499282254noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2748695186897256803.post-55329776607254366572018-04-19T02:43:00.003-07:002020-09-15T19:38:24.106-07:00<br />
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> <span style="font-size: x-large;">The Dysgenics Investigation</span> </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Race, Science & The Human Genome Project</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span> (The Eugenics Investigation)</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b> (Akoniti)</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b> Edited by: Michael James Ross</b><br />
<br />
<b>Monsantoinvestigation.com</b><br />
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<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{The following article will detail group based science, along with current news and technology on the Human Genome Project}.</span></b><br />
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<b>------- </b><br />
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<br />
<b>Chapter 1: Race & IQ</b><br />
<b>Chapter 2: Race & Sports </b><br />
<b>Chapter 3: Science & Invention</b><br />
<b>Chapter 4: Genetic disorders and diseases (Dysgenics)</b><br />
<b>Chapter 5: The 5 Percent Nation of Islam & Masonry </b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Definition: Akoniti - to withdraw</b></span><br />
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<div class="body">
If athletes wanted to compete at the Olympics, they had to arrive at Olympia one month before the start of the games. A similar obligatory training period probably existed at other major games as well. This did not only give all athletes the possibility to train in a similar manner, but it also offered the opportunity to assess the strength of their contestants. If they observed that they would be chanceless, they could withdraw. Withdrawal was preferred to the disgrace of being defeated. At the Olympic games it was forbidden to withdraw once the games had started, though allowed during the preparatory weeks. If an athlete did this anyway, as Theagenes once did , he was fined.<br />
<br />
Sometimes one athlete commanded so much respect, that all the other competitors withdrew from the contest. This was called a victory ‘akoniti’, which can be translated as ‘without dust’. This meant that an athlete from a combat sport won without entering the dusty sandpit where the matches took place. In running events, this kind of victory was extremely rare.<br />
<br />
To us it seems rather weak to win without having to fight, but for the Greeks this was very honorable, for it meant that one commanded respect among all participants. The great champions mentioned this proudly in their victory list on stone.</div>
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http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/eng/TD015EN.html<br />
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<h1 class="book-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Definition: Akoniti</span></h1><p>
<br />
Honorific technical term in the language of the agon: ‘without a fight’,
literally ‘dust-free’, i.e. not required to sprinkle the body with fine
sand after oiling, as laid down in the athlete's regimen (Philostr. De
Gymnastica 56). <i>Akoniti</i> victories occurred when only
one athlete had entered (e.g. Paus. 5,21,14), or, more often, when
opponents withdrew out of fear or when they had no prospect of victory.
This occurred most often in combat sports, but not only in wrestling, as
Philostratus indicates …<br />
<br />
http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/akoniti-e111980<br />
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<b>Chapter 1: Race & IQ</b><br />
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<br />
<b>3/5/2019 - Race Dysgenics: Evolution, Dysgenic De-evolution, Eugenics
& Genetic Modification - The History of the Lineage of Man </b> - <a href="https://racedysgenics.blogspot.com/">https://racedysgenics.blogspot.com</a><br />
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<br />
<b> 4/10/2020
- The Cephalic Investigation - Race Eugenics & Dysgenics (Skull
Evolution & The History of the Lineage of Man)</b><br />
<br />
<a href="https://skullevolution.blogspot.com/">https://skullevolution.blogspot.com</a><br />
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<b>5/12/2019 - Race Virus 101 - The Eugenics Investigation (The Dysgenics Investigation) - </b></p><p><a href="https://racevirus101.blogspot.com/">https://racevirus101.blogspot.com</a><br />
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<b>1/8/2020 - Race Dysgenics Brazil | Eugenics in Brazil</b> - <a href="https://eugenicsbrazil.blogspot.com/">https://eugenicsbrazil.blogspot.com</a> <br />
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<br />
<b>Prof. Philippe Rushton - "Latest Research on Race"</b> -<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1mgrTGeDPM<br />
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<b>JP Rushton and David Suzuki debate at the University of Western Ontario, February 8th, 1989</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9FGHtfnYWY<br />
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<b>Suzuki Admits Reality of Racial Heredity</b><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSgG6QxbtHY<br />
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<b>Greenpeace founder slams David Suzuki</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NP5eXtCIKuY<br />
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<b>FULL EPISODE: Ezra Levant confronts David Suzuki</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nARIP90l9Q<br />
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<b>Race, IQ, Genetics, and Denial - </b>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AE9ONE0LhcU<br />
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<b>Race and IQ</b> <br />
<br />
https://isgp-studies.com/miscellaneous/race-and-iq/global-iq-scores-black-white-asian-hispanic-arab-large.png<br />
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<b>Average IQ by Country </b><br />
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https://ourworldindata.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/ourworldindata_average-iq-by-country-v2.png ( https://ourworldindata.org/intelligence )<br />
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</p><h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Race and IQ"><span style="font-size: small;">Race and IQ
</span> </span></h1>
Aug 8, 2016<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNuB-yYDZpM<br />
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<br />
<b>Dr Frances Welsing debate william shockley 1974</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZXWaps2Z2g<br />
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<b>Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.: Shockley's Thesis </b>
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JOIqkh2ms8 ( Shockley was the inventor
of the transistor.)<br />
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<b>African Language and the African Mind</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAoNhacojmM&list=PLgE7CmyxsOa6eETOiyrOpbOoKRnO-Df7i<br />
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<b>African American Detroit test scores are as low as cavemen anchorman
suggests Razing Detroit </b>-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dBbZFXr05U&index=9&list=PLgE7CmyxsOa6eETOiyrOpbOoKRnO-Df7i<br />
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<b>Racial segregation in American schools. Return to the 1960s</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmrtJD9kT4I<br />
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<b>Kids Talk About Segregation</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sff2N8rez_8<br />
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<b>Let's Bring Back Segregated Schools</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN81fqjZf7g<br />
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<b>ASIAN STUDENTS DROP OUT!!!!!</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9_XQDuw2II<br />
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<b> Brilliant Tommy Sotomayor about African Americans in USA - </b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYKjtWEsOF8<br />
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<b>Tommy Sotomayor on the fat & loud black woman stereotype </b>- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SlSQAmSqSik<br />
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<b>Africans Have Never Built a Major Enduring City in 3,000 Years </b>- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZkE3xB8o8A<br />
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<b>Pastor Manning No African History John 8: 32</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYrrZpV0Sjk<br />
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<b>Black People Don't Give A Damn About Black People</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSoI39YD2a8<br />
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<b>NIGERIAN LEADERS & BLACKS PEOPLE DOESN'T KNOW HOW TO RUN A NATION </b>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wBVprLojEQ<br />
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<b>Chicago is a Little Rwanda</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TNPFwrVgIA<br />
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<br />
<b>The Black Thang Ain't Workin </b>- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBbFW0kXyvI<br />
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<br />
<b>We Need to Talk About the African American Holocaust</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fPMSqebjxg<br />
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<b>The Mexicans are Coming </b>- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WObx-uv72-E<br />
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<b>Africa or Mexico</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7C9VZOsyjLo<br />
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<br />
<b>IQ, African Americans & Genetic Enhancement</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KC-JGWSmZV0<br />
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<b>Don lemon calls Larry Elder an Uncle Tom, Gets DESTROYED by Larry</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pf-_OyYmhpc<br />
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<b>Ben Shapiro Exposes Black LIES Matter</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izeGpciIfNc<br />
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<br />
<b>Black Celebrities who hate Black Lives Matter </b>- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dx-3pL2OQlw<br />
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<b> Black Lives Matter leader shot dead - </b>https://nypost.com/2018/02/07/black-lives-matter-leader-shot-dead/<br />
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<b><br /></b>
<b><b>The Politics of South Park: Immigration </b>- </b>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uW3JxUZpiYk<br />
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<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: small;">Chris Rock Bring The Pain Stand Up Comedy - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJFS5AFcNtw</span></h1>
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1>
<h1>
</h1>
-------<br />
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<b>Stefan Molyneux Low IQ Cultures Don't Mix With High IQ Societies</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFERsUXjf-I&index=11&list=PLgE7CmyxsOa6eETOiyrOpbOoKRnO-Df7i<br />
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<b>Race Controversy in "The Bell Curve"</b> - Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Ability https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2MtavwbxZY<br />
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<b>John Derbyshire - The Great Encounters: When Races First Met (AmRen Conference, 2013)</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CeHFBzhR4vM<br />
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<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: large;">Douglas Whitman: "The Evolutionary and Biological Reality of Race"</span></h1>
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeb09GS7ids<br />
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<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Cost of Ignoring Group Differences - 'Race Realists are Modern Day Galileos'</span></h1>
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WH5DsBXTtHg<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Life is cruel and unfair to some individuals}.</span><br />
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<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: small;">Prof. Raymond Wolters - Fifty Years Since Brown v. Board of Education (AmRen Conference, 2004)</span></h1>
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i00Ylu9prgU<br />
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<br />
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: small;">Prof. Raymond Wolters - Closing the Gaps: Education Reform Since the 1950's (AmRen Conference, 2011)</span></h1>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzxWoDAAejo<br />
<br />
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<br />
<b>Don lemon calls Larry Elder an Uncle Tom, Gets DESTROYED by Larry</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pf-_OyYmhpc<br />
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<b>Treating Unequals as Equals - Egalitarianism with Race Realism </b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JV7cpBgULds<br />
<br />
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<br />
<b>Prof. Philippe Rushton 'The American Race Dilemma in World Perspective</b>'<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsuFwcM6mvg<br />
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<br />
<b>Why White Males Are High Achievers</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYI2QgmXvgw<br />
<br />
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<br />
<b>"Genetic-Similarity Theory and Ethnic Nationalism" - Prof. Philippe Rushton</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LuxqrF1rykE<br />
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<b>Race Differences in Brain Size</b> -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvV1sSZxTSU&index=3&list=PLgE7CmyxsOa6eETOiyrOpbOoKRnO-Df7i<br />
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<b>The 'Tragic' Reason for Black/ White IQ Difference </b>- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cphq4DZfFLw<br />
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<b>"Race Differences in Intelligence" & "The Biological Reality of Race" </b>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Te_o5WL-UQ<br />
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<b> Laurence Steinberg | Why Some Races Outperform Others</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGx17P_O2LI<br />
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<b>Fear of Race Realism and the Denial of Human Differences 1/3</b> -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K2sUW8q7uWI&index=6&list=PLgE7CmyxsOa6eETOiyrOpbOoKRnO-Df7i<br />
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<b>Fear of Race Realism and the Denial of Human Differences 2/3</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLhGgj4T1ww<br />
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<b>Fear of Race Realism and the Denial of Human Differences 3/3</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMdIG5BPgMw<br />
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<b>Steven Pinker on Swear Words - "Race is Very Taboo"</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyiH-bpr5SE<br />
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<b>1 of 4 Steven Pinker - Jews, Genes and Intelligence</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GexZF5VIMU<br />
<br />
<b>2 of 4 Steven Pinker - Jews, Genes and Intelligence</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkTyWYcxVIA<br />
<br />
<b>3 of 4 Steven Pinker - Jews, Genes and Intelligence</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDM7yQVU4ZE<br />
<br />
<b>4 of 4 Steven Pinker - Jews, Genes and Intelligence</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uz5igS5n720<br />
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<br />
<b>Richard Dawkins & Steven Pinker Literally Stand Up for Reason & Science </b><br />
<br />
<b> </b>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAY3MeVG6AM<br />
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<b>Race & IQ - Demographic Effects on National High IQ</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OozeGZQwyBM <br />
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<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Race and intelligence</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_intelligence<br />
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<br />
<b>Richard Lynn, "Why Are the Jews So Smart" (PFS 2013)</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yuq1gu2CEm8<br />
<br />
{Why it it the Jews have an IQ of over 105 on average, yet many Muslims who have an IQ of around 80, yet the Muslims get hundreds of times more land than the group of people that are much smarter.}<br />
{Jews were raped by the Romans, the Romans were considered the people with the highest IQ in Europe, with all of the main institutions and sciences in Europe}.<br />
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<b>Race & IQ - Jewish 115 Average IQ - AmRen</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgiGg8im9Vk<br />
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<br />
<b>Evolution of Jewish Intelligence</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lj4cArZxGpI<br />
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<b>Ben Shapiro - Why Jews Are Successful</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZTjr9_SA9A<br />
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<b>Race Differences in Newborn Behavior</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAAbDzJhoD8<br />
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<b>10 Smartest Countries</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECj-xfOBwMo<br />
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<b>Race and Intelligence special, science's last taboo</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9LZ7-69HEE<br />
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<b>Race and IQ — Sam Harris and Charles Murray Set the Record Straight on Intelligence Testing</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YfEoxU82us<br />
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<b>IQ of Serbian Gypsies </b><br />
<br />
<br />
General mental ability in South Asians: Data from three Roma (Gypsy) communities in Serbia<br />
<br />
J. Philippe Rushton et al.<br />
<br />
Abstract<br />
<br />
To examine whether the Roma (Gypsy) population of Serbia, like other South Asian population groups, average lower than Europeans on g, the general factor of intelligence, we tested 323 16- to 66-year-olds (111 males; 212 females) in three different communities over a two-year-period on the Raven's Colored and/or Standard Progressive Matrices and four measures of executive function. Out of the total of 60 Matrices, the Roma solved an average of 29, placing them at the 3rd percentile on 1993 U.S. norms, yielding an IQ equivalent of 70. On the executive function tests, the Roma averaged at about the level of Serbian 10-year-olds. The Matrices showed a small mean sex difference favoring males.<br />
<br />
http://dienekes.blogspot.co.at/2006/10/iq-of-serbian-gypsies.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Comment: Snurdle Bug said...</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"> How can their IQ so low, when they are able to maximally exploit the public assistance benefits of the wealthier countries which they invaded and are able to live without working?}.</span><br />
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<br />
<b>Full text of "The IQ Of Gypsies In Central Europe"</b> <br />
<br />
https://archive.org/stream/TheIQOfGypsiesInCentralEurope/The%20IQ%20of%20Gypsies%20in%20Central%20Europe_djvu.txt<br />
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<br />
<b>Mormons are average</b><br />
<br />
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2010/09/mormons-are-average/#.Ws73b5dlDIU<br />
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<br />
<b>Is humanity getting smarter or dumber with time? The answer may be both.</b><br />
<br />
https://www.livescience.com/37095-humans-smarter-or-dumber.html<br />
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<b>Brand New - America's Dumbest Criminals</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQKTQQcYS7g&list=PLhAhjCDDyiHazYSO71Yo8r1d-Ab-S1Lz6<br />
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<br />
<b>The decline of the world's IQ</b><br />
<br />
http://www.iapsych.com/iqmr/fe/LinkedDocuments/lynn2008.pdf<br />
<br />
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com<br />
<br />
4. The decline of genotypic IQ within countries<br />
<br />
The negative association between IQ and fertility across nations is not the only factor responsible for a decline in the world's genotypic intelligence. An additional factor is dysgenic fertility within countries. As noted in Section 1, the Retherford and Sewell (1988) study indicated a decline of genotypic intelligence in the United States of 0.57 IQ points a generation. About the same magnitude of dysgenic fertility has been found in several other economically developed nations, reviewed in Lynn (1996).<br />
<br />
Much less is known about whether dysgenic fertility is present in economically developing countries. The only work known to us is that of Meisenberg, Lawless, Lambert and Newton (2005)<br />
and is a study of the Afro-Caribbean population of Dominica. In this study of 352 people aged<br />
51–62 it was found that for men the association between intelligence measured by the Progressive Matrices and number of children was slightly positive for men (r=0.06),but negative for women (r=-<br />
0.163). The greater dysgenic fertility for women than for men has typically been found<br />
in economically developed countries. If we combine the results for men and women, the correlation between intelligence and fertility in Dominica is - 0.08 and is therefore slightly dysgenic. It is not possible to estimate the magnitude of the decline of genotypic intelligence from the data. All that can be inferred from this study is that dysgenic fertility is present in Dominica and this may<br />
or may not be typical of other economically developing countries. If it is, dysgenic fertility within countries is a likely a worldwide phenomenon and is increasing the magnitude of the decline of the world's genotypic intelligence estimated in Sections 2 and 3<br />
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<br />
<h1 class="Head">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="title-text">On the possibility of the reemergence of a dysgenic trend with respect to intelligence in American fertility differentials</span></span></h1>
<br />
<span class="size-m">1982</span><br />
<div class="Abstracts">
<div class="abstract author" id="aep-abstract-id4">
<h2 class="section-title">
<span style="font-size: small;">Abstract</span></h2>
<div id="aep-abstract-sec-id5">
This
paper examines the relationship between IQ and fertility in a sample of
men and women aged 25–34 as of the late 1970s. This sample is of
unusual interest for two reasons: (1) it is a <i>national</i>
probability sample, representative of the non-institutional civilian
population of the U.S. as a whole, and (2) it is for a post-World War II
cohort. Most previous studies of the IQ/fertility relationship have
employed nationally unrepresentative samples of cohorts born in the
pre-war period, 1910–1940. The bias, in both time and place, of the
samples used in these studies has not been adequately grasped by those
who cite them as evidence of a eugenic trend with respect to
intelligence.<br />
The major finding of these previous studies was that
the IQ/fertility relationship is slightly positive, contrary to
expectations though confirmatory of the so-called Eugenic Hypothesis. My
working hypothesis is that this finding is special to the cohort chosen
for study, i.e., one whose child-bearing took place during a period of
rising birth rates (cohorts born between 1910 and 1940 were largely
responsible for the baby boom after World War II). That is, in periods
of rising birth rates, persons with higher intelligence tend to have
fertility equal to, if not exceeding, that of the population as a whole.
In periods of falling birth rates, the opposite is the case, according
to my thesis.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>This thesis is generally supported by the data set
described above. Fertility differentials to date within the post-World
War II cohort, which entered its reproductive years during a period of
falling birth rates, show a negative relationship between intelligence
and fertility. The relationship is less negative for white men than for
white women and for white women than for black women (black men are
omitted from this study due to deficiencies in the data). The stated
intentions of this cohort with respect to future fertility, if realized,
will moderate the degree of this relationship, particularly for whites,
but not change its sign.</b></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0160289682900022<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Psychologists Go to War</b><br />
<br />
<br />
One of the striking findings of the Army Testing Project was that around half of the Army recruits tested at or below the level of “moron.”<br />
<br />
http://behavioralscientist.org/psychologists-go-war/<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Human intelligence 'peaked thousands of years ago and we've been on an intellectual and emotional decline ever since'</b><br />
<br />
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/human-intelligence-peaked-thousands-of-years-ago-and-weve-been-on-an-intellectual-and-emotional-8307101.html<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL</b><br />
<br />
<b><br />Mosques and shrines<br />Churches and monasteries<br />Ancient and medieval sites<br />Palmyra<br />Hatra<br />Libraries </b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Hey look at this, it is just a bunch of low IQ black guys and Arabs running around while destroying historical priceless cultural monuments, statues and sites. These types of actions of vandalism need to stop, and we need to also have people stop vandalizing and defacing neighborhoods}.</span></b><br />
<br />
------------ <br />
<br />
<b> Kuwaiti preacher, ISIS call for demolition of Egypt’s Sphinx, pyramids</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Published time: 9 Mar, 2015<br />
<br />
https://www.rt.com/news/239093-islamist-calls-destroy-pyramids/<br />
<br />
---------------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>ITALY: African Muslim destroys invaluable historic Statues in 4 Roman Churches, terrorizes Tourists</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Oct 13, 2016<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=df_si1PnEcY<br />
<br />
<br />
------------ <br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: small;">35 Invaluable Hindu and Buddhist Statues Destroyed in Maldives by Extremist Islamic Group</span></h1>
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">February 23, 2012</span></span></h1>
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <span style="font-size: small;">http://www.chakranews.com/invaluable-hindu-amd-buddhist-statues-destroyed-in-maldives-by-extremist-islamic-group/2224</span></span></span></h1>
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: small;">Effects of Centuries of Extreme Inbreeding Among Muslims: Low IQ, Violence and Terrorism</span></h1>
<time class="entry-time" datetime="2017-07-20T15:36:21+00:00">July 20, 2017</time><br />
<br />
<time class="entry-time" datetime="2017-07-20T15:36:21+00:00"> https://www.jihadwatch.org/2017/07/effects-of-centuries-of-extreme-inbreeding-among-muslims-low-iq-violence-and-terrorism</time><br />
<br />
<br />
-------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Asian Race Highlights - "The Pacific Century"</b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SG3nm-Autsg<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"> (Why do Oriental body features of humans differ from other races of humans?}</span><br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Ancient Greeks Weren't All Geniuses</b></span><br />
<br />
Anatoly Karlin • December 23, 2015<br />
<br />
The cultural and scientific achievements of Ancient Greece are so manifold that it is barely worth recounting them. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle laid the foundations of Western philosophy. Pythogoras, Euclid, and Archimedes launched mathematics as a disciple grounded on logic and proof, a break from the approximative techniques that had held sway in other civilizations (and would largely continue to do so). To this day many medical schools have their students swear an oath under the name of Hippocrates. Homer, Aeschylus, Euripides – the originators of, and still giants in, the Western literary canon. Herodotus and Thucydides, the founders of a historiography that was something more than just a court chronicle.<br />
<br />
<b>Ancient Greek IQ = 125 (Galton)</b><br />
<br />
https://www.unz.com/akarlin/ancient-greeks-not-geniuses/<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<b>IQ: 200+ (references)This is a featured page</b> <br />
<br />
http://www.eoht.info/page/IQ%3A+200%2B+%28references%29<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------------<br />
<br />
<b>From child prodigies to playwrights, the world's 40 smartest people of all time revealed</b><br />
<br />
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3721556/The-smartest-40-people-time-revealed-List-includes-geniuses-Einstein-da-Vinci-s-number-one.html#ixzz5CR8sTG5T<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Whole Brain Size and General Mental Ability: A Review</b><br />
<br />
2009 Apr<br />
<br />
<br />
Additional findings in Appendix 1 are of interest. For example, the brain volume–GMA correlation is equally strong in males and females (e.g., Andreasen et al., 1993; Wickett, Vernon, & Lee, 1994, 2000). It is also found in people of East Asian, East Indian, European, Turkish, African, South American, and Amerindian descent (e.g., Andreasen et al., 1993; Ivanovic et al., 2004; Tan et al., 1999). Age, although it plays a role in brain size and GMA, does not confound the results. Studies using a narrow age range of younger or older samples show the same magnitude of correlation (e.g., Deary et al., 2007; Egan et al., 1994).<br />
<br />
Several studies have examined whether different regions of the brain would show differential correlations with GMA. Many appear to show that the size effects are manifest throughout the brain and not specific to any particular region (Andreasen et al., 1993; Reiss et al., 1996). However, other studies show GMA centered in the frontal brain regions (Jung & Haier, 2007). Colom et al. (2006a, 2006b) used the method of correlated vectors and found evidence for both positions—the more g-loaded subtests were distributed throughout the brain but concentrated most in the frontal lobes.<br />
<br />
A unique study that did not fit the appendix is Witelson et al.'s (Witelson, Beresh, & Kigar, 2006) prospective study of 100 cancer patients (58 women and 42 men) who completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and agreed to a postmortem examination. The subjects were Caucasian 25- to 83-year-olds (mean = 56 years). Although the subjects were ambulatory and well functioning, they were all on medication, which may have affected their performance. Also, some patients survived for several years after completing the tests, resulting in a delay before brain measurement. Nonetheless, the average correlation between brain weight and GMA for males was r = 0.26, and for females it was r = 0.31.<br />
<br />
A functional relation between brain size and cognitive ability has been found in four studies showing that the correlation between brain size and GMA holds true within families as well as between families (Bergvall et al., 2006; Gignac et al., 2003; Jensen, 1994; Jensen & Johnson, 1994; although one study failed to do so: Schoenemann et al., 2000). The within-family finding is of special interest because it controls for most of the sources of variance that distinguish families, such as social class, styles of child rearing, and general nutrition, that differ between families. The largest of these is a population-based study that measured head size at birth and GMA at age 18 at the time of conscription in the Swedish military (Bergvall et al., 2006). Analyses were made of data on 96,189 males who had at least one full brother similarly measured. The between-family analysis showed that a small head circumference for gestational age (>1 SD below the mean) was associated with a 10% increase in risk of low intellectual performance (the lowest 11% of scores); the within-family analysis showed a 5% increase in risk.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2668913/<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>In Search of a High IQ African Population - Do Africans Really Have an
IQ of 70? </b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxAhwYoZQKU&index=2&list=PLgE7CmyxsOa6eETOiyrOpbOoKRnO-Df7i&bpctr=1523551845<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Race with Lowest Measured IQ: Australian Aboriginals and Bushmen/ Pygmies</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsZ11VVdP_M<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Pygmy peoples</span></h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_peoples<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Origins" style="font-size: small;">Origins</span></h2>
<br />
Various theories have been proposed to explain the short stature of pygmies. Some studies suggest that it could be related to adaptation to low ultraviolet light levels in rainforests. This might mean that relatively little vitamin D can be made in human skin, thereby limiting calcium uptake from the diet for bone growth and maintenance, and leading to the evolution of the small skeletal size.<br />
<br />
Other explanations include lack of food in the rainforest environment, low calcium levels in the soil, the need to move through dense jungle, adaptation to heat and humidity, and as an association with rapid reproductive maturation under conditions of early mortality. (See also Aeta people § Demographics.) Other evidence points towards unusually low levels of expression of the genes encoding the growth hormone receptor and growth hormone compared to the related tribal groups, associated with low serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and short stature.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Abuse_by_non-Pygmies">Abuse by non-Pygmies</span></h3>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Reported_genocide_in_Rwanda"> </span></h4>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Reported_genocide_in_Rwanda">Reported genocide in Rwanda</span></h4>
<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Reported_genocide_in_the_Congo">Reported genocide in the Congo</span></h4>
Main article: Effacer le tableau<br />
<br />
From the end of 2002 through January 2003 around 60,000 Pygmy civilians and 10,000 combatants were killed in an extermination campaign known as "Effacer le Tableau" during the Second Congo War. Human rights activists have made demands for the massacre to be recognized as genocide.<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Slavery">Slavery</span></h4>
In the Republic of the Congo, where Pygmies make up 2% of the population, many Pygmies live as slaves to Bantu masters. The nation is deeply stratified between these two major ethnic groups. The Pygmy slaves belong to their Bantu masters from birth in a relationship that the Bantus call a time-honored tradition. Even though the Pygmies are responsible for much of the hunting, fishing and manual labor in jungle villages, Pygmies and Bantus alike say that Pygmies are often paid at the master's whim: in cigarettes, used clothing, or simply not paid at all. As a result of pressure from UNICEF and human-rights activists, in 2009, a law that would grant special protections to the Pygmy people was awaiting a vote by the Congo parliament. According to reports made in 2013, this law was never passed.<br />
<br />
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, during the Ituri Conflict, Ugandan backed rebel groups were accused by the UN of enslaving Mbutis to prospect for minerals and forage for forest food, with those returning empty handed being killed and eaten.<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<i>Effacer le tableau</i></h1>
<br />
<i><b>Effacer le tableau</b></i> ("erasing the board") is the operational name given for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">systematic extermination</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Bambuti pygmies</a> by rebel forces in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC).<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau <br />
<br />
--------<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{We
are for the Pygmy people to not face persecution, and have their own
area for themselves. This is why if we go to space, they could even have
a Pygmy land, you could even have Oompa Loompas running around also for
all I care. Yes, some Pygmy people do have a very low IQ, but some
Pygmies are actually some of the smartest Africans as well. What some of
the
Pygmy people lack in physical size, they make up for in being smarter
than many other Africans.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">You will see how many Africans
try to genocide the Pygmy people and put the Pygmy people into slavery, this has been
going on for thousands of years. If you are a
Pygmy, Albino or a European in many parts of Africa, they will hunt you down and
kill you for being different}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{ I am trying to find the best way to exist peacefully in the world, without any group of people having to face genocide.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>My
main goal right now I wanted to make for my media organization is that
we need to populate the human species off of the planet. We could have
all races of humans living in space, where there could even be trillions
of people.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>I believe that many parts of the world are
currently overpopulated, such as China and India, which these countries
currently have over 1.2 billion people. Do you really think that having
20 billion people on the planet would make the planet overpopulated?</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>With
all respects, we can see how most races are now trying to out breed
each other, in a race to populate the planet for the future in order for
their race to survive.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Some people say that to call for population control is a form of authoritarian fascism.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Now,
if people are calling for population control, does this mean that race
control comes with population control? We know that the government wants
to control the races. We should take these people out of power, such as
the Rothschilds and these secret societies, including the Vatican.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Should
we regulate the population of race in the world, to where one race
would not feel threatened by another race, and feel like they are facing genocide.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>I think it would be better if we could expand all life and different types of people in different parts of the Universe.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We
could have areas with all different types of races, including areas
that have the majority of one race, if you want to see that type of
culture or want a change of pace. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>This one African
guy I know hates the fact that Northern Africa is now not even as many
black people as there once were, and more of a Moroccan look to the
people is now in many Northern African lands, with all respects. The
point we are trying to make is that just because someone is brown
skinned, doesn't mean that they want another nation of people that is
also brown skinned, to genocide that other nations culture through war
or breeding. Many native Nigerian Christians despise any type of Muslim,
cause the Muslims are trying to genocide off their people and culture
in Nigeria. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Many people also think that several
different races of people traveled to America many thousands of years
ago, and that Africans were in South America over 20,000 years
ago. It is also true that the Nordic people traveled to Newfoundland and
parts of the continent of North America, and also have a history in
America. The Siberian/Mongolian Asian bloodline that traveled into
America were able to repopulate the most.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>One day their
father and children are listening to reggae, and then all of a sudden
their great grandchildren are preaching the Koran, and death to their
father's own Christian people and culture. This is the type of poison we
can see with Islam.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Would a religion such Islam even
be able to coexist with other religions in space. The answer is that the
people of Islam need to see that the scriptures have been altered just
as we can see in the Bible, and that trying to cause the genocide of
another race is not the way to go.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We should not have
to go to war and kill millions or billions of Middle Easterners, and
that we would just lose more DNA of an ancient people. I know that Islam
gives Middle Eastern people a bad name, to where now when I see a
Muslim in Europe, or Asia, I think how they are trying to genocide the
people and culture with Sharia law. If we go to war with each other, it
could just become nuclear and chemical annihilation, and that my goal is
a journalist is to bring reason to many problems.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>As I
said, we are for different cultures to breed, yet we think we should
save the lineage and DNA of many people, such as we study different
species of animals or even dinosaurs.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>I think that we were meant
to expand in space, so that we can keep the great races and all the
great DNA lineage of our ancestors.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>How would we divide up the races and make plenty of room for any type of person in space.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>I
do not want to harm any race of people such as Middle Easterners, just
cause the majority of those individuals happen to be poisoned with
Sharia law. Most of these Muslims bringing in Sharia Law and causing the
genocide of other cultures, are not even a fraction of the honor that
many of their ancestors had before Islam was even invented.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The question is, how would we regulate the population in space including the race of people in space.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>I
believe that all of the distinct races deserve to have their DNA and
lineage saved and continue to live for billions and even trillions of
years.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Would you rather want humanity to end with the planet, or populate space and have humans and animals live on.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We could even have giant biospheres in giant openings inside of planets and caves of other planets.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We
could have everything from skiing, snowboarding, wave machines for
surfing, hundreds of amusement parks and water parks, biospheres with
rain forests and waterfalls and animals. We could have an abundance of
food, wealth. Any fun event we can think of doing on Earth, we could do
in a colony in other parts of the Universe.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We can see
the great and distinctive races of the Earth, such as Africans,
Orientals, Whites, etc. These races deserve the right to keep their
identity and to expand in different parts of the Universe.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>I
hear many authoritarian people say that we should have a one world race
of people, so that no one can be racist against each other. To me this
is like saying that people will go genocide all of the great and
distinctive races and their culture, then breed them all out to have one
race, in order to avoid racism. To me this idea is like combining all
of the worst authoritarian dictators that have massacred and tortured
people in the world, then saying how we should have a global holocaust
of everyone's culture, in order to obtain peace. This statement is also
very Orwellian, and almost sounds like a type of war for peace type of
quote.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Why not keep and expand all of the great and
distinctive races in space, and create even more mixed races of people
in the Universe, along with more blacks, more Hispanics, more Asians and
more Whites. I just love each race so much, that I do not want to see
any of them face extinction. You could literally have a trillion white
people, a trillion blacks, a trillion Asians, a trillion Latinos/Native
Indian Americans, and even a trillion Middle Easterners. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Joke: Jews can even live in space as well, I am not sure if that would count as being space Zionism. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>I
think it would be great to have a space colony where we could have
thousands of different colonies just like Earth as well. We could have
some colonies that are more European and other colonies that are more
Oriental, such as China Town style. We could have an Amazonian style
colony as well. We could have hundreds of different of colonies such as
South American style mulatto colonies. You see there is no need to kill
each other and go to war, and that we should find a means of trying to
exist together without exterminating the bloodlines of our ancestors.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Many
people think that we should have a similar policy on Earth, and that
this is why different groups of people have set different borders and
nations, in order to defend the DNA and bloodlines of their ancestors,
without having to fall to another group of people.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We
must save the European people and the bloodlines of Europeans, before
they face genocide from Sharia Law. This is a good example of why I hate
the governments in power, and make videos and books trying to expose
how they poison people with food, water and vaccines. The same
government trying to genocide my people, while preventing us from
expanding into space, just so that you can keep your power. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The
question is what we must ask, is one race of people willing to genocide
off another race of people, in order to thrive. The answer is yes, and
we can see how many Sharia extremists are causing the genocide of people
of other religions, groups and cultures, these actions of genocide need to stop.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We need to stop the Islamic man from trying to genocide off all of the distinctive races of people and cultures.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The
people in control are afraid to let people colonize space and other
planets, because it is a giant liability that they could lose their
power. Imagine if we had the technology to send off spaceships to
populate different areas of the Universe. We could see how one group of
people could advance their own technology in remote areas of space, to
try to overthrow another civilization in the Universe, if they felt that
other group of beings or people would try to overthrow or genocide
another group or colony for its resources and technology. Imagine if we
had a group of people that could go to a different area of space, then
come back and defeat the corrupt people in control of the world
currently. The question everyone asks, is what would stop these people
from using chemical and nuclear weapons, if their power was to be
threatened by another group of people.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>The people in
power currently want to genocide many of the great races, then
eventually have a very few limited amount of people on the planet Earth.
We need to warn people that the one world government want population
control and to limit the amount of people on the planet. We must
colonize other areas of space, or that human race could eventually face
extinction from fascist governments or a natural disaster. We need to
colonize other areas of space and have the opportunity to expand the DNA
of our ancestors in other parts of the Universe. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Does
this mean that we have Sharia law in Space? Sharia Law is a bad example
to set for humanity and is not a good example of what mankind should
be. We should ban Sharia law in space, we cannot have Sharia Law
undermine the ability for the people to colonize different areas of the
Universe}.</b></span><br />
<br />
-----------------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="story-headline">
<span style="font-size: large;">‘The time for reconciliation is over’: South Africa votes to confiscate white-owned land without compensation</span></h1>
<div class="intro">
“THE time for reconciliation is over.” South Africa’s parliament has backed a motion to confiscate land owned by white people.</div>
<br />
http://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/world-economy/the-time-for-reconciliation-is-over-south-africa-votes-to-confiscate-whiteowned-without-compensation/news-story/a8a81155995b1adc1c399d3576c4c0bc<br />
<br />
---------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Judge for Yourself: White Genocide South Africa</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_be1Q6-B8LE<br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<b> Is there a future for White Afrikaners?</b> - BBC Our World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YH329UbQokY<br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>The Endgame - Full White Genocide Documentary</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uMfk5UeGw4E<br />
<br />
-------------------------- <br />
<br />
<b>Refugees are not welcome in Europe anymore</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjlWsPKaVzo<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Europeans Are Waking Up! | How Even Ordinary People Are Beginning to Take Action Against Immigration</b> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlP84iYwVbY<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{This
is a good example of why I think we should regulate population and race
on the planet. Sure Europe, the Middle East and Africa all had their
conflicts, and we should stop war. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">How would it sound if Europe decided to confiscate all black-owned land and all the land that Arabs own in Europe to repay the favor?</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"> These
groups are just as guilty for trying to war against the Europeans in
past history, as we see with Africans invading Spain and Italy.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">I think we should repay the favor in both ways, where we should have Europe as around over 90% White, and South
Africa as around 70% black (give or take some percentage points). This is just
a thought I am having while reading over this article, and is
just an example of what we could do, or something similar to. We could
still have whites living in Africa and that could travel in peace, and
some blacks that can visit Europe in peace. The European people do not
want Europe to be flooded with a bunch of Muslims. Let us be honest, and
fight for the right for Europeans to keep their heritage and preserve
their bloodlines, without a bunch of low IQ Sharia savages trying to
genocide off your people and culture like mindless barbarians. We need
to stop the EU and UN from trying to genocide off the European people. All of Africa does not belong to the black people anyways, Africa is a giant continent and many other Northern African people and groups live in Africa as well. The ancient Egyptians were not all black, and that white people have a right to live in certain areas of Africa.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Remember
that I was the one trying to bring this to a peaceful resolution and
avoid a war between nations, cultures and races. It is the UN globalist
government that wants to divide and conquer the people, and why they are
using Sharia law to try and destabilize independent nations.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">I
think we should remove most of the Africans and Middle Easterners out
of Europe, if they remove whites from Africa and the Middle East. We
know they are
being used as weaponized humans against the European people, and for
globalization. How many more thousands of articles are we going to hear
about the European people facing genocide by foreigners. I say we
regulate the races of Europe, and preserve the DNA and traits of the
European people, without being victim to a globalist plan of genocide.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Let's
talk about genetically modified humans. Get this, they want me to omit
scientific evidence to please a group of people, in order to be
politically correct. How can I even complete my book on Genetically
modified humans and genetically modified vaccines, without adding and
providing all information on the traits of different humans. They are
trying to create genetically modified humans on this planet, in order to
phase out real people. We can even see the traits in races differ, and
that we should be open and honest about these studies}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------------- <br />
--------------------<br />
---------------------- <br />
<br />
<b>Chapter 2: Race & Sports </b><br />
<br />
------------------<br />
------------------<br />
-------------------------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Muhammad Ali - Racial Integration</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqiWFLsgVi4<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Blue Birds want to be with Blue Birds, Red Birds want to be with Red Birds.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">Sometimes
Blue Birds will mate with a Red Bird, and make a different colored Bird. However,
Blue Birds many times are known for being highly territorial, and
if you are not a Blue Bird, it is a good chance the Blue Bird might
chase another type of bird off. Different humans tribes are the same
way, and why we have distinctive races, and we are not all just one
race. I think it is great to have all the colors of different animals
and plants, including humans.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;">The white man is not the enemy of the black man, the black man is not the enemy of the white man.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">We
have our cultural differences, and one race should not have to face
genocide from another race. I believe we should work together to expand
the human race and travel in space. Africans are actually a very smart
people, and when you look at all the great black inventors and athletes,
they have earned their place as a distinctive race. Just as the white
man is a distinctive race with his own inventions and different athletic
achievements, including Orientals and people from the Middle East, and
should not have to suffer genocide either.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">The
Vatican wants to replace Protestant Blacks, with Catholics from South
America and Muslims in Europe as well, in order to create a one world religion called Chrislam. We are for all
the races to live in peace, and we believe that the government is
trying to genocide off the white race, including other races, to form a
one world race. We believe we should regulate population, immigration and race on the planet, so that the European people do not face genocide from a bunch of Muslims.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;">Let's talk about boxing vs Mixed Martial Arts (MMA).</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;">Would boxers and people like Muhammad Ali stand a chance using the same tactics </span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">in a real street fight or MMA fight.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;">Let's talk about how people like Floyd Mayweather go 50-0, when half the time he just runs around the ring and doesn't even fight. </span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">Then we see how the refs still end up giving him the win against Pacquiao, just so he can say he is still undefeated}.</span><br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<b>Muhammad Ali</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Ali
lost over 5 times, but all fighters lose, even when sparing in training at
an early age. I think there are better boxers out there}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Don King Exposed – PBS Film – Conned Mike Tyson, Ripped-off Tim Witherspoon and Other Champs">Don King Exposed – PBS Film – Conned Mike Tyson, Ripped-off Tim Witherspoon and Other Champs</span></span></h1>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-GUcIS3MEE<br />
<br />
-------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Report: Floyd Mayweather used WADA-banned IV before Manny Pacquiao fight</b><br />
<br />
http://abc11.com/sports/report-floyd-mayweather-used-wada-banned-iv-before-manny-pacquiao-fight/976762/<br />
<br />
<br />
-------- <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Many say that Mayweather would not last very long against a real boxer or in a real fight with someone such as Nikolai Valuev, who of course is in a different weight class}.</span><br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Nikolai Valuev</b></span><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Valuev<br />
<br />
Record: 50 wins - 2 loses <br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{We can see that many different nations of people win boxing tournaments many times}.</b></span><br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">List of Olympic medalists in boxing</span></h1>
<br />
#1 USA<br />
#2 Cuba<br />
#3 Great Britain<br />
#4: Italy<br />
#5 Soviet Union<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_boxing<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------- <br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Wrestling at the Summer Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics<br />
<br />
All-time medal table – 1896–2016<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>1 </b><b> Soviet Union (URS)</b> </span> 62 31 23 116<br />
2 United States (USA) 54 43 35 132<br />
3 Japan (JPN) 32 20 17 69<br />
4 Russia (RUS) 30 11 15 63<br />
5 Turkey (TUR) 29 18 16 56<br />
6 Sweden (SWE) 28 27 31 86<br />
7 Finland (FIN) 26 28 29 83<br />
8 Hungary (HUN) 19 16 19 54<br />
9 Bulgaria (BUL) 16 32 21 69<br />
10 South Korea (KOR) 11 11 14 36<br />
11 Iran (IRI) 9 14 20 43<br />
12 Cuba (CUB) 9 6 7 22<br />
13 Romania (ROU) 7 8 18 33<br />
14 Italy (ITA) 7 4 10 21<br />
15 Unified Team (EUN) 6 5 5 16<br />
16 Poland (POL) 5 9 12 26<br />
17 Estonia (EST) 5 2 4 11<br />
18 Germany (GER) 4 12 9 25<br />
19 Azerbaijan (AZE) 4 7 11 22<br />
20 Yugoslavia (YUG) 4 6 6 16<br />
21 France (FRA) 4 4 10 18<br />
22 Switzerland (SUI) 4 4 6 14<br />
23 Canada (CAN) 3 7 7 17<br />
24 Ukraine (UKR) 3 4 6 13<br />
25 Georgia (GEO) 3 4 11 18<br />
26 Great Britain (GBR) 3 4 10 17<br />
27 North Korea (PRK) 3 2 5 10<br />
28 Uzbekistan (UZB) 3 2 3 8<br />
29 China (CHN) 2 3 5 10<br />
30 Armenia (ARM) 2 3 3 8<br />
31 East Germany (GDR) 2 3 2 7<br />
Egypt (EGY) 2 3 2 7<br />
33 Norway (NOR) 2 2 2 6<br />
34 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 7 7 15<br />
35 Kazakhstan (KAZ) 1 5 9 15<br />
36 United Team of Germany (EUA) 1 5 3 9<br />
37 West Germany (FRG) 1 4 4 9<br />
38 Greece (GRE) 1 3 7 11<br />
39 Serbia (SRB) 1 0 0 1<br />
40 Belarus (BLR) 0 4 7 11<br />
41 Mongolia (MGL) 0 4 5 9<br />
42 Denmark (DEN) 0 3 6 9<br />
43 Belgium (BEL) 0 3 0 3<br />
44 India (IND) 0 1 4 5<br />
45 Lebanon (LIB) 0 1 2 3<br />
Australia (AUS) 0 1 2 3<br />
47 Lithuania (LTU) 0 1 1 2<br />
48 Syria (SYR) 0 1 0 1<br />
Mexico (MEX) 0 1 0 1<br />
Latvia (LAT) 0 1 0 1<br />
51 Austria (AUT) 0 0 2 2<br />
Colombia (COL) 0 0 2 2<br />
53 Macedonia (MKD) 0 0 1 1<br />
Pakistan (PAK) 0 0 1 1<br />
Moldova (MDA) 0 0 1 1<br />
Tunisia (TUN) 0 0 1 1<br />
Total 407 405 459 1271<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Many Soviet wrestlers are on steroids}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<b>World's Strongest Man 2016 EPIC DEADLIFT 2 WORLD RECORDS HALL VS SHAW</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQEib1nkPnE<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>World's Strongest Man</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Strongest_Man#Most_championships<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Most championships</b><br />
<br />
Champion Country Times Years<br />
Mariusz Pudzianowski Poland 5 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008<br />
Žydrunas Savickas Lithuania 4 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014<br />
Magnús Ver Magnússon Iceland 4 1991, 1994, 1995, 1996<br />
Jón Páll Sigmarsson Iceland 4 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990<br />
Brian Shaw United States 4 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016<br />
Bill Kazmaier United States 3 1980, 1981, 1982<br />
Jouko Ahola Finland 2 1997, 1999<br />
Geoff Capes United Kingdom 2 1983, 1985<br />
Bruce Wilhelm United States 2 1977, 1978<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{You will see that it is pretty much mostly people of European descent that are winning these strongman competitions. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Notice how the only African you see winning these Strongman competitions, is a big giant white guy who is South African. Africans are good at running away from European strongman competitions, because they know they will lose. I think it is a good thing that Africans should be able to have their own sports they are good at, such as running, jumping and basketball. I think blacks are good athletes in their own field of events, just as are white athletes}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Ryan Kennelly All time 308 best bench 1075 lbs</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMKiBdhnYlA<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{European ancestry}.</span><br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Progression of the bench press world record</b><br />
<br />
(1,075 lb) 2008 Ryan Kennelly presses 1075.0 lb (487.6 kg) <br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progression_of_the_bench_press_world_record<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>All Squats (with & without wraps)</b><br />
<br />
SHW 1,102 Vlad Alhazov Israel 07/22/17 NPA <br />
<br />
https://www.powerliftingwatch.com/records/raw/world<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Vlad Alhazov - Power monster RAW SQUAT 532,5 kg, DEDLIFT 450 kg</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wzBCSknHtU<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{The guy is Israeli, but look how he is really 2/3rds white}.</span><br />
<br />
-----------------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Alaska powerlifter breaks world record, squatting 3.2 times her body weight</b><br />
<br />
https://www.ktoo.org/2017/11/17/alaska-powerlifter-breaks-world-record-squatting-3-2-times-body-weight/<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{European ancestry}</span><br />
<br />
---------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Deadlift</b><br />
<br />
World records<br />
<br />
The world record strongman-style deadlift (where a suit, straps and
hitching are allowed) is 500 kg (1,102.3 lb) by Eddie Hall. He also owns
the partial deadlift world record at 536 kg (1,181.7 lb).<br />
<br />
The world record deadlift for women is 305 kg (672.4 lb) by Becca Swanson<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlift#World_records<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{European ancestry}</span><br />
<br />
-----------------------------<br />
<br />
<b>'The Mountain' from 'Game of Thrones' set the deadlift world record at 1,041 pounds</b><br />
<br />
https://ftw.usatoday.com/2018/03/hafthor-bjornsson-deadlift-world-record-video-the-mountain-game-of-thrones-1041-pounds-strongman-classic<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Viking ancestry}</span><br />
<br />
------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Sports and strength</b><br />
<br />
http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/showcase/sports-and-strength<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{We can see how it is constantly mostly whites and Europeans that win strongman competitions}.</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
----------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>College Wrestling Records That May Never Be Broken</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://news.theopenmat.com/blog/2017/11/15/college-wrestling-records-may-never-broken/<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Again, notice how it is a bunch of people of European descent winning in wrestling}.</span></b> <br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Do Black People Have Better Genetics For Building Muscle?</b><br />
<br />
<br />
http://nattyornot.com/black-people-better-genetics-building-muscle/<br />
<br />
Is it true that race can influence muscle size?<br />
<br />
<br />
It’s Not About Race. It’s About Personal Muscle Genetics<br />
<br />
<br />
The black community is gifted in the field of athletics. This is backed by the fact that almost all top level running athletes are black. Track and field has always been dominated by black people, and it doesn’t look like the hegemony will end.<br />
<br />
<br />
The fact that black people are good at fast and explosive sports such as sprinting has a direct effect on bodybuilding since both activities rely on fast twitch muscle fibers.<br />
<br />
<br />
Fast twitch fibers have more potential for muscular growth than slow twitch fibers. This partially explains why people carrying a predominant amount of fast twitch fibers have larger musculatures.<br />
<br />
<br />
However, there are “highs” and “lows” in every community. Some black people have good genetics for building muscle, but there are also many who don’t.<br />
<br />
<br />
The fact that you’re black does not mean that you have superior genetics for building muscle mass by default. Muscle size depends on your personal genes and overall potential for growth rather than race.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Victor<br />
<br />
<br />
March 20, 2017 at 11:42 pm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
I think blacks are better for muscle building and whites are better for strength. Most of the powerlifters are white people. You don’t see any black domain in powerlifting and see in bodybuilding. Simples as that.<br />
<br />
<br />
Black = size<br />
<br />
<br />
White = strength<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Reply<br />
<br />
<br />
Abg<br />
<br />
<br />
March 30, 2017 at 12:07 am<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*facepalm*<br />
<br />
<br />
End your bro science idiot ie mr victor<br />
<br />
<br />
Reply<br />
<br />
<br />
Conway<br />
<br />
<br />
July 6, 2017 at 11:01 pm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This is a very near-sighted comment my friend. I think culturally powerlifting has always been a Caucasian males sport in the US. Don’t forget people like Ronnie Coleman and CT Fletcher. We can’t take singular, anecdotal points of view and apply it to genetic statistics without scientific evidence. Cheers!<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Reply<br />
<br />
<br />
Scott<br />
<br />
<br />
April 16, 2017 at 2:49 am<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Such a baseless argument. I’m an African and not muscular like you think. White black or Asian we are the same.<br />
<br />
<br />
Reply<br />
<br />
<br />
Stephen<br />
<br />
<br />
June 25, 2017 at 6:12 pm<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Agree with Scott. We are all pretty much the same.<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------- <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{The truth is that blacks, whites, Arabs and Asians all have different muscle types and skeletal types. </span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;">There are different body types as well, such as Ectomorph, Mesomorph and Endomorph body types}.</span><br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="text-align-center" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1523938477490_2439">
Male & Female Body Types</h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Ectomorph body type</span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Mesomorph body type</span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Endomorph body type</span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Hybrid body type</span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ILdZZNGItHi0pRaIPpbNEyX-_cYs3PH31p8DqMuB9khL0xBw3Hla4rCiviDlcHr42zRKK8lPPD-bG2ZoYgAmNMGMh74dlXUSp0JV8zt4wF96JToFtRDKJGganSA6L_D2yU6PDbEyhNI/s1600/Tee%252BMajor%252BFitness%252B3%252BMale%252B%2526%252BFemale%252BBody%252BTypes%252BExplained.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="735" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ILdZZNGItHi0pRaIPpbNEyX-_cYs3PH31p8DqMuB9khL0xBw3Hla4rCiviDlcHr42zRKK8lPPD-bG2ZoYgAmNMGMh74dlXUSp0JV8zt4wF96JToFtRDKJGganSA6L_D2yU6PDbEyhNI/s640/Tee%252BMajor%252BFitness%252B3%252BMale%252B%2526%252BFemale%252BBody%252BTypes%252BExplained.png" width="640" /></a></div>
</span></h1>
<h1>
</h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">http://www.teemajor.com/teemajorsblog/3-male-female-body-types-explained </span></h1>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Notice how most of the very tall people in the NBA would be considered an Ectomorph}.</span></b><br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Different body types are also meant for bodybuilding shows and developing muscles to look bigger, but then there are muscles built for strength. This is why many power lifters that can lift a lot often, many times do not look as ripped as some bodybuilders that are actually weaker in strength for lifting heavy objects}.</span></b><br />
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<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Human genetic variation</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Human genetic variation</b> is the genetic differences in and among <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a>. There may be multiple variants of any given gene in the human population (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a>), a situation called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphism</a>.<br />
No two humans are genetically identical. On average, in DNA sequence, each human is 99.9% similar to any other human. Even <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monozygotic_twins" title="Monozygotic twins">monozygotic twins</a> (who develop from one zygote) have infrequent genetic differences due to mutations occurring during development and gene <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-number_variation" title="Copy-number variation">copy-number variation</a>. Differences between individuals, even closely related individuals, are the key to techniques such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting" title="Genetic fingerprinting">genetic fingerprinting</a>.<br />
Alleles occur at different frequencies in different human populations. Populations that are more <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_distance" title="Genetic distance">geographically and ancestrally remote</a>
tend to differ more, a phenomenon known as isolation-by-distance. The
differences between populations represent a small proportion of overall
human genetic variation. Populations also differ in the quantity of
variation among their members, with the greatest diversity among African
populations. This is consistent with the theory that humans recently <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">migrated out of Africa</a>. Populations vary in the (always small) proportion of DNA they received from archaic hominid populations, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a>.<br />
The study of human genetic variation has evolutionary significance
and medical applications. It can help scientists understand ancient
human population migrations as well as how human groups are biologically
related to one another. For medicine, study of human genetic variation
may be important because some disease-causing alleles occur more often
in people from specific geographic regions. New findings show that each
human has on average 60 new mutations compared to their parents.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Haplogroups">Haplogroups</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">Haplogroup</a></div>
In the study of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">molecular evolution</a>, a haplogroup is a group of similar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotypes</a> that share a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ancestor" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a> with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single nucleotide polymorphism">single nucleotide polymorphism</a> (SNP) mutation. Haplogroups pertain to deep ancestral origins dating back thousands of years.<br />
The most commonly studied human haplogroups are <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroups" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups">Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups">mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups</a>, both of which can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed solely along the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineal" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> line, from father to son, while mtDNA is passed down the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineal" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> line, from mother to both daughter and son. The Y-DNA and mtDNA may change by chance mutation at each generation.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Variable_number_tandem_repeats">Variable number tandem repeats</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_number_tandem_repeat" title="Variable number tandem repeat">Variable number tandem repeat</a></div>
A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) is the variation of length of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_repeat" title="Tandem repeat">tandem repeat</a>. A tandem repeat is the adjacent repetition of a short <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide_sequence" title="Nucleotide sequence">nucleotide sequence</a>. Tandem repeats exist on many <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomes" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a>, and their length varies between individuals. Each variant acts as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a>, so they are used for personal or parental identification. Their analysis is useful in genetics and biology research, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensics" title="Forensics">forensics</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_fingerprinting" title="DNA fingerprinting">DNA fingerprinting</a>.<br />
Short tandem repeats (about 5 base pairs) are called <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsatellite_(genetics)" title="Microsatellite (genetics)">microsatellites</a>, while longer ones are called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisatellite" title="Minisatellite">minisatellites</a>.<br />
<br />
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<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Human genome</span></h1>
<br />
The <b>human genome</b> is the complete set of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">nucleic acid sequences</a> for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humans" title="Humans">humans</a>, encoded as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> within the 23 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> pairs in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nuclei" title="Cell nuclei">cell nuclei</a> and in a small DNA molecule found within individual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondria</a>. Human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> include both protein-coding DNA genes and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA" title="Noncoding DNA">noncoding DNA</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" title="Haploid">Haploid</a> human genomes, which are contained in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cells" title="Germ cells">germ cells</a> (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a> cells created in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> phase of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> before <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> creates a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>) consist of three billion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a>, while <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid" title="Diploid">diploid</a> genomes (found in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cells" title="Somatic cells">somatic cells</a>)
have twice the DNA content. While there are significant differences
among the genomes of human individuals (on the order of 0.1%), these are considerably smaller than the differences between humans and their closest living relatives, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> (approximately 4%) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a>.<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Human Genome Project</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project<br />
<br />
<br />
The <b>Human Genome Project</b> (<b>HGP</b>) was an international <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_research" title="Scientific research">scientific research</a> project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pairs" title="Base pairs">base pairs</a> that make up human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, and of identifying and mapping all of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a> from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project. After the idea was picked up in 1984 by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a> when the planning started, the project formally launched in 1990 and was declared complete in 2003. Funding came from the US government through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside government by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celera_Corporation" title="Celera Corporation">Celera Corporation</a>, or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and research centers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, Spain and China.<br />
The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotides" title="Nucleotides">nucleotides</a> contained in a human <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid" title="Haploid">haploid</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_genome" title="Reference genome">reference genome</a>
(more than three billion). The "genome" of any given individual is
unique; mapping the "human genome" involved sequencing a small number of
individuals and then assembling these together to get a complete
sequence for each chromosome. Therefore, the finished human genome is a
mosaic, not representing any one individual.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Ethical,_legal_and_social_issues" style="font-size: small;">Ethical, legal and social issues</span></h2>
At
the onset of the Human Genome Project several ethical, legal, and
social concerns were raised in regards to how increased knowledge of the
human genome could be used to discriminate against people. One of the
main concerns of most individuals was the fear that both employers and
health insurance companies would refuse to hire individuals or refuse to
provide insurance to people because of a health concern indicated by
someone's genes. In 1996 the United States passed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act" title="Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act">Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act</a>
(HIPAA) which protects against the unauthorized and non-consensual
release of individually identifiable health information to any entity
not actively engaged in the provision of healthcare services to a
patient.<br />
Along with identifying all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes
in the human genome, the Human Genome Project also sought to address the
ethical, legal, and social issues that were created by the onset of the
project. For that the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI)
program was founded in 1990. Five percent of the annual budget was
allocated to address the ELSI arising from the project.<sup> </sup>This budget started at approximately $1.57 million in the year 1990,
but increased to approximately $18 million in the year 2014.<br />
Whilst the project may offer significant benefits to medicine and
scientific research, some authors have emphasized the need to address
the potential social consequences of mapping the human genome.
"Molecularising disease and their possible cure will have a profound
impact on what patients expect from medical help and the new generation
of doctors' perception of illness."<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-size: small;">See also</span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Genomes_Project" title="1000 Genomes Project">1000 Genomes Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100,000_Genomes_Project" title="100,000 Genomes Project">100,000 Genomes Project</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee_Genome_Project" title="Chimpanzee Genome Project">Chimpanzee Genome Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENCODE" title="ENCODE">ENCODE</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroPhysiome" title="EuroPhysiome">EuroPhysiome</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_Compiler" title="Genome Compiler">Genome Compiler</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee" title="HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee">HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Connectome_Project" title="Human Connectome Project">Human Connectome Project</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Cytome_Project" title="Human Cytome Project">Human Cytome Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Microbiome_Project" title="Human Microbiome Project">Human Microbiome Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_proteome_project" title="Human proteome project">Human proteome project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Variome_Project" title="Human Variome Project">Human Variome Project</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">List of biological databases</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal_Genome_Project" title="Neanderthal Genome Project">Neanderthal Genome Project</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_Institute" title="Sanger Institute">Sanger Institute</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Genographic_Project" title="The Genographic Project">The Genographic Project</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<br />
<div class="hlFld-Title">
<div class="publicationContentTitle">
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">‘Race’ and the Human Genome Project: Constructions of Scientific Legitimacy
</span></h1>
</div>
</div>
<br />
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0957926504043707<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">Black and White race differences in aerobic capacity, muscle fiber type, and their influence on metabolic processes.</span></h1>
<br />
2015<br />
<br />
<div class="abstr">
<h3>
Abstract</h3>
<div>
Obesity is a known
risk factor for cardiometabolic disease. Increasing aerobic capacity
(VO2max) reduces adiposity, maintains weight, and reduces the risk of
developing obesity and cardiometabolic disease. Two major determinants
of aerobic capacity are the metabolic properties specific to a
particular muscle fiber type and the capacity of the cardiorespiratory
system to deliver nutrient-rich content to the muscle. Recent research
suggests that some race/ethnic groups, particularly non-Hispanic Black
subjects, are predisposed to a reduced VO2max by way of muscle fiber
type. Combined with insufficient physical activity, these
characteristics place non-Hispanic Black subjects at an increased risk
for obesity and other adverse health outcomes when compared with other
race/ethnic groups. The purpose of this review was to suggest a model
for explaining how skeletal muscle fiber type may contribute to reduced
aerobic capacity and obesity among non-Hispanic Black subjects. Our
review indicates that metabolic properties of type II skeletal muscle
(e.g. reduced oxidative capacity, capillary density) are related to
various cardiometabolic diseases. Based on the review, non-Hispanic
Black subjects appear to have a lower maximal aerobic capacity and a
greater percentage of type II skeletal muscle fibers. Combined with
reduced energy expenditure and reduced hemoglobin concentration,
non-Hispanic Black subjects may be inherently predisposed to a reduced
maximal aerobic capacity compared with non-Hispanic White subjects,
thereby increasing the risk for obesity and related metabolic diseases.</div>
</div>
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25739558<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="content-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ethnicity-Related Skeletal Muscle Differences Across the Lifespan</span></h1>
<br />
2010<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795070/<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title-header">
<span style="font-size: large;">Racial Differences in Muscle Fiber Typing Cause Differences in Elite Sporting Competition</span></h1>
<br />
https://notpoliticallycorrect.me/2017/03/17/racial-differences-in-muscle-fiber-typing-cause-differences-in-elite-sporting-competition/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Muscle fiber typing by race</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
I’ll be quick here since I’ve covered this extensively.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Blacks have more type II muscle fibers in
comparison to whites who have more type I muscle fibers. This difference
in fiber typing causes differences in aerobic capacity which lead to
higher rates of cardiorespiratory diseases such as type II diabetes,
heart disease, and hypertension.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
There are two types of muscle fibers with
two divisions: Type I and Type II with the divisions being in the slow
twitch fiber, further broken down into Type IIa and Type II x. Type I
fibers fire slowly and possess greater aerobic metabolic capacity due to
higher levels of lipid, myoglobin, mitochondrial and capillary content.
Type II fibers, on the other hand, fire faster, have reduced aerobic
capacity (and all that comes with it) and are better equipped for
anaerobic activity (explosive sports). Type IIa possesses more aerobic
potential than IIx, but less anaerobic potential than type I fibers.
Some evidence exists showing that it’s possible to train type II fibers
to have a similar aerobic capacity to type I, but I don’t really buy
that. It is possible to make aerobic capacity <i>similar to the aerobic capacity that type I fibers have</i>, but type II will not be fully like them.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Blacks have more type II fibers while whites
have more type I fibers. Type II fibers predispose people to a myriad
of cardiometabolic diseases which are also <a href="https://notpoliticallycorrect.me/2017/03/15/racial-differences-in-grip-strength/">associated with grip strength</a>.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Differences in fiber typing in elite athletes</b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Now comes the fun part. How do muscle fibers
differ between elite athletes? A few studies have been done but, as
expected in physiology studies, they have a low n, but they still do
show physiologic differences when compared to the control subjects,
physiologic differences that were predicted due to what we know about
muscle fiber typing.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Type IIa fibers possess more aerobic
potential than IIx, therefore, power lifters have a higher proportion of
IIa fibers compared to IIx fibers. It should also be noted that
powerlifters have the same amount of type I fibers as the general
population (Fry et al, 2003a), so knowing this fact, since blacks have a
lower proportion of type I muscle fibers as noted in Caeser and Hunter
(2015), this explains why there are very few black power lifters: they
have the opposite type II fiber type while having less type I fiber.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Furthermore, Olympic lifters also use a
higher percentage of type IIa fibers (Fry et al, 2003b). This also
explains the lower amount of blacks in weight lifting as well. Fiber
types don’t explain everything, but at elite levels, they do mean a lot
and looking at the racial variation explains racial differences in elite
sporting competition.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Explaining racial differences in sprinting
competitions is easy as well. Type IIx fibers combined with the ACTN3
gene=elite human performance (Mills et al, 2001). The gene ACTN3 was
discovered to explain explosive power, and it just so happened to vary
by race. <a href="http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2008/12/white_men_cant_jump.html">William Saletan writes</a>:</div>
<blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
the relative frequency of the X allele is
0.52 in Asians, 0.42 in whites, 0.27 in African-Americans, and 0.16 in
Africans. If you break out the data <a href="http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan102007/84.pdf">further</a>,
the frequency of the XX genotype is 0.25 in Asians, 0.20 in European
whites, 0.13 in African-Americans, and 0.01 in African Bantu.
Conversely, the frequency of RR (the genotype for speed and power) is
0.25 in Asians, 0.36 in European whites, 0.60 in African-Americans, and
0.81 in African Bantu. Among Asians, you can expect to find one RR for
every XX. Among whites, you can expect nearly two RRs for every XX.
Among African-Americans, you can expect more than four RRs for every XX.</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: left;">
This allele is responsible for explosive power. Explosive power is needed to excel in events such as sprinting, <a href="https://notpoliticallycorrect.me/2016/02/07/hbd-and-sports-football/">football</a>,
basketball and other sports where power is needed in short bursts.
However, where blacks have an advantage in explosive power sports, the
advantage is lost once events like <a href="https://notpoliticallycorrect.me/2016/05/30/white-men-cant-jump-thats-ok-black-men-cant-swim/">swimming</a>, power lifting (described above), Olympic lifting (differing fiber type) etc.</div>
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<h1 class="content-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Genetic influence on athletic performance</span></h1>
<br />
2014<br />
<br />
<div class="sec" id="S8">
<h3>
ACE I/D</h3>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P13">
Fifteen years ago, the <i>ACE</i> I/D polymorphism was the first genetic factor to be associated with human performance . The <i>ACE</i>
gene codes for angiotensin-1 converting enzyme, part of the
renin-angiotensin system responsible for controlling blood pressure by
regulating body fluid levels. The <i>ACE</i> I allele represents a 287 bp insertion and is associated with lower serum and tissue ACE activity while the D (deleted) allele is associated with higher serum and tissue ACE activity. The <i>ACE</i>
I/I genotype is consistently associated with endurance performance and
higher exercise efficiency while the D/D genotype is associated with
strength and power performance, though some conflicting reports do exist. Notably, there is no association between I/D genotype and elite athlete status in Kenyans,
highlighting the potential confounding factors of ethnicity and/or
geography. An extensive review of the existing literature on <i>ACE</i> genotype and athletic performance through 2011 is available elsewhere. Additionally, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 studies examining the association of <i>ACE</i> genotype with sport performance was recently performed by Ma et al. Overall, the <i>ACE</i>
I/I genotype was specifically associated with performance in endurance,
but not power, athletes, supporting the general consistency in the
literature for an association of <i>ACE</i> I/D genotype with endurance performance.</div>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P13">
<br /></div>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P13">
<br /></div>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P13">
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3993978/</div>
<div class="p p-first-last" id="P13">
</div>
</div>
<br />
------------ <br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Race and sports</h1>
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_sports<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Graduation_rates">Graduation rates</span></h4>
Despite
the high rate of participation in the NCAA amongst black athletes, the
rates of on-court success have not necessarily translated to the
classroom. A University of Central Florida study of 2011 NCAA Men's
Basketball Tournament teams indicated that only 59 percent of black
players graduated, compared with 91 percent of white players.
The disparity can be much larger: Kansas State men's basketball program
graduates 100 percent of its white players and only 14 percent of its
black players.
The other main NCAA revenue sport, FBS football, also has a graduation
discrepancy. The 2011-12 TIDES report on bowl-bound FBS teams found that
the average graduation rate for white football student athletes was 81
percent on bowl-bound teams, and 61 percent for black student athletes,
and 26 percent of the bowl-bound schools graduated less than half of
their black football student athletes, while not a single school
graduated less than half of its white student athletes.<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id=""Black_athletic_superiority"">"Black athletic superiority"</span></h4>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id=""Black_athletic_superiority""> </span></h4>
"Black athletic superiority" is the theory that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black people</a> possess certain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">traits</a> that are acquired through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">genetic</a> and/or environmental factors that allow them to excel over other <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" title="Race (classification of human beings)">races</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_sports" title="Athletic sports">athletic competition</a>. Whites are more likely to hold these views; however, some blacks and other racial affiliations do as well.
A 1991 poll in the United States indicated that half of the respondents
agreed with the belief that "blacks have more natural physical
ability".<br />
Various theories regarding racial differences of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>
and their possible effect on sports performance have been put forth
since the later part of the nineteenth century by professionals in many
different fields.<sup> </sup>In the United States, attention to the subject faded over the first two
decades of the twentieth century as black athletes were eliminated from
white organized sport and segregated to compete among themselves on
their own amateur and professional teams. Interest in the subject was renewed after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a>'s record-breaking performances at the 1935 Big Ten Track Championships.<br />
In 1971, African-American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Edwards_(sociologist)" title="Harry Edwards (sociologist)">Harry Edwards</a>
wrote: "The myth of the black male's racially determined, inherent
physical and athletic superiority over the white male, rivals the myth
of black sexual superiority in antiquity."<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Hoberman" title="John Milton Hoberman"> John Milton Hoberman</a>, a historian and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_studies" title="Germanic studies">Germanic studies</a> professor at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>,
has acknowledged that disparities in certain athletic performances
exist. He has asserted that there is no evidence to confirm the
existence of "black athletic superiority".<br />
<br />
<h4>
<span id=".22East_Asian_athletic_views.22"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""East_Asian_athletic_views"">"East Asian athletic views"</span></h4>
<h4>
<span class="mw-headline" id=""East_Asian_athletic_views""> </span></h4>
In the United States, East Asians are stereotyped as being physically and athletically inferior to other races.
This has led to much discrimination in the recruitment process of
professional American sports, where Asian American athletes are highly
underrepresented in the majority of professional sports teams (a fact
that has been noted by many sources).<sup> </sup>Professional basketball player <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Lin" title="Jeremy Lin">Jeremy Lin</a> believed that one of the reasons why he wasn't drafted by a NBA team was his race.<sup> </sup>This belief has been reiterated by sports writer Sean Gregory of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a></i> and NBA commissioner <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stern" title="David Stern">David Stern</a>. In 2012, despite making up 6% of nation's population Asian American athletes only represented 2% of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL" title="NFL">NFL</a>, 1.9% of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB" title="MLB">MLB</a> and less than 1% of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA" title="NBA">NBA</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL" title="NHL">NHL</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Yip" title="Brandon Yip">Brandon Yip</a> is the only player of mixed Asian descent to play professional hockey in the NHL.<sup> </sup>
Basketball should be a sport that's noted for the fact that it has one
of the lowest amounts of Asian athletes being represented despite the
fact that the sport's color barrier was broken by an Asian American
athlete back in 1947 named <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wataru_Misaka" title="Wataru Misaka">Wataru Misaka</a> who was the first American racial minority to play in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA" title="NBA">NBA</a>.<br />
<br />
In American sports, there are and has been a higher representation of
Asian American athletes who are of mixed racial heritage in comparison
to those of full racial heritage such as the case with former football
player <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Gabriel" title="Roman Gabriel">Roman Gabriel</a>
who was the first Asian-American to start as an NFL quarterback.
Another fact to note is that majority of Asian American athletes who are
currently drafted/recruited to compete professionally tend to be in
sports that require little to no contact.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Chinese_views">Chinese views</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Chinese_views"> </span></h3>
The
idea among Chinese people that "genetic differences" cause "Asian
athletes" to be "slower at sprinting" than "their American, African or
European rivals" is "widely accepted". The <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>, a Chinese newspaper, wrote that Chinese are "suited" to sports that draw upon "agility and technique", such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>.
The newspaper said that Chinese people have "congenital shortcomings"
and "genetic differences" that meant that they are disadvantaged at
"purely athletic events" when competing against "black and white
athletes". The success of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">hurdler</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiang_(hurdler)" title="Liu Xiang (hurdler)">Liu Xiang</a> was explained by the hurdles event requiring technique which fit with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a> that Chinese are disciplined and intelligent.<br />
Li Aidong, a researcher with the China Institute of Sports Science,
said that sports coaches believed that Chinese athletes could have
success in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jumping" title="Long jumping">long jumping</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jumping" title="High jumping">high jumping</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_walking" title="Race walking">race walking</a>. However, Li doubted that Chinese could compete in "pure <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">sprinting</a>",
although there did not exist any "credible scientific studies" which
supported the idea that "Asians" were disadvantaged in "sprinting".<sup> </sup> Professional sprinters <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Bingtian" title="Su Bingtian">Su Bingtian</a> of China and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshihide_Kiry%C5%AB" title="Yoshihide Kiryū">Yoshihide Kiryū</a> of Japan have contradicted this view of East Asians struggling to achieve quick footspeed, as both have broken the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-second_barrier" title="10-second barrier">10-second barrier</a> in the 100 m and Su has ranked in the top five all-time fastest runners over <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_metres" title="60 metres">60 metres.</a><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Explanations_for_participation_and_performance_disparities" style="font-size: small;">Explanations for participation and performance disparities</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Physiological_factors"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Physiological_factors">Physiological factors</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Physiological_factors"> </span></h3>
A
1994 examination of 32 English sport/exercise science textbooks found
that seven suggested that there are biophysical differences due to race
that might explain differences in sports performance, one expressed
caution with the idea, and the other 24 did not mention the issue.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Socioeconomic_factors">Socioeconomic factors</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Socioeconomic_factors"> </span></h3>
In <i>Stuck in the Shallow End: Education, Race, and Computing</i>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>
researcher Jane Margolis outlines the history of segregation in
swimming in the United States to show how blacks have been affected up
to the present day by inadequate access to swimming facilities and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_lessons" title="Swimming lessons">lessons</a>.
Margolis asserts that physiological differences between ethnic groups
are relatively minor and says: "In most cases of segregation,
stereotypes and belief systems about different ethnic gender groups'
genetic make-up and physical abilities (and inabilities) emerge to
rationalize unequal access and resulting disparities." According to Margolis, views regarding "buoyancy problems" of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> are merely part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> which have been passed down from generation to generation. Joan Ferrante, a professor of sociology at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Kentucky_University" title="Northern Kentucky University">Northern Kentucky University</a>,
suggests that geographic location, financial resources, and the
influence of parents, peers, and role models are involved in channeling
individuals of certain races towards particular sports and away from
others<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Haplogroup_inheritance">Haplogroup inheritance</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Haplogroup_inheritance"> </span></h3>
Elite
athletic capacity has also been correlated with differing patterns of
haplogroup inheritance. Moran et al. (2004) observed that among Y-DNA
(paternal) clades borne by elite endurance athletes in Ethiopia, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-P2" title="Haplogroup E-P2">E*</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-P2" title="Haplogroup E-P2">E3*</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)">K*(xP)</a>,<sup> </sup>and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J*(xJ2)</a> are positively correlated with elite athletic endurance performance, whereas the haplogroup <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E3b1</a> is significantly less frequent among the elite endurance athletes.<br />
Citing haplogroup data from various previous studies, Ahmetov and Fedotovskaya (2012) report that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mtDNA</a> (maternal) haplogroups <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup I (mtDNA)">I</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_L0_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)">L0</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M*</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup G (mtDNA)">G1</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">N9</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_V_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup V (mtDNA)">V</a> have been positively correlated with elite athletic endurance performance, whereas the mtDNA haplogroups <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">L3*</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup B (mtDNA)">B</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup J (mtDNA)">J2</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup T (mtDNA)">T</a>
are negatively correlated with athletic endurance performance. Japanese
sprinters were also found to have a higher distribution of the mtDNA <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_F_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup F (mtDNA)">F</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Pole vault</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men_(comprehensive)">Men (comprehensive</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Men_(comprehensive)">)</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men_(comprehensive)">2016 Brazil<br />2012 France<br />2008 Australia<br />2004 USA<br />2000 USA<br />1996 France<br />1988 Russian<br />1984 France<br />1980 Poland<br />1976 Poland<br />1972 East Germany<br />1968 USA<br />1964 USA<br />1960 USA<br />1956 USA<br />1952 USA<br />1948 USA<br />1936 USA<br />1932 USA<br />1928 USA<br />1924 USA<br />1920 USA<br />1912 USA<br />1908 USA<br />1904 USA<br />1900 USA<br />1896 USA</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men_(comprehensive)"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Men_(comprehensive)"> H</span>ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_vault#Men</span></h3>
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">(Again, mostly people of European heritage are winning the medals in this event, including a Brazilian.)</span><br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Triple jump</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_jump<br />
<br />
<br />
World 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) Jonathan Edwards (GBR) <br />
<br />
Continental records<br />
<br />
Africa 17.37 m (56 ft 113⁄4 in) Tarik Bouguetaïb (MAR) <br />
Asia 17.59 m (57 ft 81⁄2 in) Yanxi Li (CHN) <br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_jump<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{A European wins the record in triple jump}.</span><br />
<br />
-------------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
High jump</h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jump</span></h1>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men_(absolute)">Men (absolute)</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr>
<th>Rank</th>
<th>Mark</th>
<th>Athlete</th>
<th>Date</th>
<th>Place</th>
<th>Ref</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>1</th>
<td>2.45 m (8 ft 0<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Sotomayor" title="Javier Sotomayor">Javier Sotomayor</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Cuba">CUB</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>27 July 1993</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2</th>
<td>2.43 m (7 ft 11<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> in)</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="550" data-file-width="1400" height="9" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutaz_Essa_Barshim" title="Mutaz Essa Barshim">Mutaz Essa Barshim</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Qatar">QAT</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>5 September 2014</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="4">3</th>
<td rowspan="4">2.42 m (7 ft 11<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik_Sj%C3%B6berg" title="Patrik Sjöberg">Patrik Sjöberg</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Sweden">SWE</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>30 June 1987</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Thr%C3%A4nhardt" title="Carlo Thränhardt">Carlo Thränhardt</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="West Germany">FRG</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>26 February 1988</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (indoor)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ukhov" title="Ivan Ukhov">Ivan Ukhov</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Russia">RUS</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>25 February 2014</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (indoor)</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Bondarenko" title="Bohdan Bondarenko">Bohdan Bondarenko</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Ukraine">UKR</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>14 June 2014</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icahn_Stadium" title="Icahn Stadium">New York City</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>7</th>
<td>2.41 m (7 ft 10<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Paklin" title="Igor Paklin">Igor Paklin</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Soviet Union">URS</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>4 September 1985</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="9">8</th>
<td rowspan="9">2.40 m (7 ft 10<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Povarnitsyn" title="Rudolf Povarnitsyn">Rudolf Povarnitsyn</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Soviet Union">URS</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>11 August 1985</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="600" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorin_Matei" title="Sorin Matei">Sorin Matei</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Romania">ROM</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>20 June 1990</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollis_Conway" title="Hollis Conway">Hollis Conway</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>10 March 1991</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> (indoor)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Austin" title="Charles Austin">Charles Austin</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>7 August 1991</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürich</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Voronin" title="Vyacheslav Voronin">Vyacheslav Voronin</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Russia">RUS</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>5 August 2000</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Holm" title="Stefan Holm">Stefan Holm</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Sweden">SWE</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>6 March 2005</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> (indoor)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksey_Dmitrik" title="Aleksey Dmitrik">Aleksey Dmitrik</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Russia">RUS</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>8 February 2014</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnstadt" title="Arnstadt">Arnstadt</a> (indoor)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="1000" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Drouin" title="Derek Drouin">Derek Drouin</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Canada">CAN</abbr>)</span> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jump#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
<td>25 April 2014</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Javier Sotomayor</b><br />
<br />
Javier Sotomayor Sanabria; born October 13, 1967) is a Cuban former track and field athlete, who specialized in the high jump and is the current world record holder. The 1992 Olympic champion, he was the dominant high jumper of the 1990s; his personal best of 2.45 m (8 ft 1/2 in) makes him the only person ever to have cleared eight feet.<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Sotomayor<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="headline" id="headline" style="visibility: visible;">
OLYMPICS; Sotomayor, Banned for Drug, Is Out of Games</h1>
<br />
<time class="dateline" content="2000-06-28T01:00:00-04:00" datetime="2000-06-28T01:00:00-04:00">JUNE 28, 2000</time>
<br />
<div class="story-meta-footer-sharetools">
<div class="sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta-footer" data-author="By JERE LONGMAN" data-description="Javier Sotomayor, Cuban world record-holder in high jump and only person to leap eight feet, is suspended for positive drug test and barred from competing in 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney (M)" data-media="" data-publish-date="June 28, 2000" data-share-tools-initialized="1" data-shares="facebook,twitter,email,show-all,save" data-title="OLYMPICS; Sotomayor, Banned for Drug, Is Out of Games" data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/28/sports/olympics-sotomayor-banned-for-drug-is-out-of-games.html" id="sharetools-story-meta-footer" role="group">
<span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden"><br /></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="287" data-total-count="287">
Javier
Sotomayor, the Cuban world record-holder in the high jump and the only
person to leap eight feet, was suspended yesterday for a positive drug
test and barred from competing in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney,
Australia, track and field's international governing body announced.</div>
<br />
https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/28/sports/olympics-sotomayor-banned-for-drug-is-out-of-games.html <br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Long jump</h1>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">Men</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr>
<th>Rank</th>
<th>Mark</th>
<th>Wind (m/s)</th>
<th>Athlete</th>
<th>Date</th>
<th>Place</th>
<th>Ref</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><span style="color: #cc0000;">1</span></th>
<td>8.95 m (29 ft 4<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>0.3</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Mike Powell</span> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>30 August 1991</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>2</th>
<td>8.90 m (29 ft 2<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Circumstances_and_conditions" title="Athletics abbreviations"><abbr title="Mark set at altitude">A</abbr></a></td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Beamon" title="Bob Beamon">Bob Beamon</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>18 October 1968</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th><span style="color: #cc0000;">3</span></th>
<td>8.87 m (29 ft 1 in)</td>
<td>−0.2</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><span style="color: #cc0000;">Carl Lewis</span> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>30 August 1991</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>4</th>
<td>8.86 m (29 ft 0<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Circumstances_and_conditions" title="Athletics abbreviations"><abbr title="Mark set at altitude">A</abbr></a></td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Emmiyan" title="Robert Emmiyan">Robert Emmiyan</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Soviet Union">URS</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>22 May 1987</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhkadzor" title="Tsakhkadzor">Tsakhkadzor</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3">5</th>
<td>8.74 m (28 ft 8 in)</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Myricks" title="Larry Myricks">Larry Myricks</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>18 July 1988</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8.74 m (28 ft 8 in) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_abbreviations#Circumstances_and_conditions" title="Athletics abbreviations"><abbr title="Mark set at altitude">A</abbr></a></td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick_Walder" title="Erick Walder">Erick Walder</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>2 April 1994</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8.74 m (28 ft 8 in)</td>
<td>−1.2</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: black;">Dwight Phillips</span> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></span></span></td>
<td>7 June 2009</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>8</th>
<td>8.73 m (28 ft 7<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Saladino" title="Irving Saladino">Irving Saladino</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Panama">PAN</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>24 May 2008</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengelo" title="Hengelo">Hengelo</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">9</th>
<td>8.71 m (28 ft 6<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>1.9</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Pedroso" title="Iván Pedroso">Iván Pedroso</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Cuba">CUB</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>18 July 1995</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8.71 m (28 ft 6<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>indoor</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bayer" title="Sebastian Bayer">Sebastian Bayer</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Germany">GER</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>8 March 2009</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino" title="Torino">Torino</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>11</th>
<td>8.66 m (28 ft 4<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>1.6</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="600" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Tsatoumas" title="Louis Tsatoumas">Louis Tsatoumas</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Greece">GRE</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>2 June 2007</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamata" title="Kalamata">Kalamata</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>12</th>
<td>8.65 m (28 ft 4<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub></span> in) A</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvo_Manyonga" title="Luvo Manyonga">Luvo Manyonga</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="South Africa">RSA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>22 April 2017</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potchefstroom" title="Potchefstroom">Potchefstroom</a></td>
<td><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>13</th>
<td>8.63 m (28 ft 3<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>0.5</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Streete-Thompson" title="Kareem Streete-Thompson">Kareem Streete-Thompson</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>4 June 1994</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>14</th>
<td>8.62 m (28 ft 3<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>0.7</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Beckford_(athlete)" title="James Beckford (athlete)">James Beckford</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Jamaica">JAM</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>5 April 1997</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando" title="Orlando">Orlando</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>15</th>
<td>8.59 m (28 ft 2 in)</td>
<td>indoor</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Pate" title="Miguel Pate">Miguel Pate</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>4 March 2002</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>16</th>
<td>8.58 m (28 ft 1<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>1.8</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrion_Lawson" title="Jarrion Lawson">Jarrion Lawson</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="United States">USA</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>3 July 2016</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayward_Field" title="Hayward Field">Eugene</a></td>
<td><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">17</th>
<td>8.56 m (28 ft 1 in)</td>
<td>1.3</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="750" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yago_Lamela" title="Yago Lamela">Yago Lamela</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Spain">ESP</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>24 June 1999</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino" title="Torino">Torino</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8.56 m (28 ft 1 in)</td>
<td>0.2</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Menkov" title="Aleksandr Menkov">Aleksandr Menkov</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Russia">RUS</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>16 August 2013</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">19</th>
<td>8.54 m (28 ft 0 in)</td>
<td>0.9</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz_Dombrowski" title="Lutz Dombrowski">Lutz Dombrowski</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="East Germany">GDR</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>28 July 1980</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8.54 m (28 ft 0 in)</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="1280" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Watt" title="Mitchell Watt">Mitchell Watt</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Australia">AUS</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>29 July 2011</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>21</th>
<td>8.53 m (27 ft 11<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub></span> in)</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Jefferson" title="Jaime Jefferson">Jaime Jefferson</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(<abbr title="Cuba">CUB</abbr>)</span></td>
<td>12 May 1990</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><br /></th>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><br /></th>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Notice how the top 3 people who hold records in long jump, how 2 tested positive for steroids.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">We can see see how they train together and even take steroids together , and this is how you can get uniformed results}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">Mike Powell threatens to 'slap' anyone who suggests resetting world records</span></h1>
<br />
Mike Powell has warned he would "slap" anyone who tried to take his world record from him amid the fall-out from the <a href="http://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/14569049/world-anti-doping-agency-report-implicates-iaaf-role-allowing-russian-doping">ongoing athletics doping scandal</a>.<br />
The
American long jumper broke Bob Beamon's 23-year-old mark when he leapt
out to 8.95 metres at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.espn.com/athletics/story/_/id/14587497/long-jump-world-record-holder-mike-powell-vows-slap-anyone-suggests-resetting-world-records<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title-page">
<span style="font-size: large;">Carl Lewis & Steroids: Some Speculations about this Track and Field Athlete</span></h1>
<br />
https://steroidssaleguide.com/carl-lewis-steroids-some-speculations-about-this-track-and-field-athlete/<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">100 metres</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
</h1>
<h1 class="headline__heading">
<span style="font-size: small;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres#Olympic_medallists</span></h1>
<h1 class="headline__heading">
<span style="font-size: small;">Men</span></h1>
Games Gold Silver Bronze<br />
<br />
1896 Athens<br />
details Thomas Burke (USA) Fritz Hofmann (GER) Francis Lane (USA) Alajos Szokolyi (HUN)<br />
1900 Paris<br />
details Frank Jarvis (USA) Walter Tewksbury (USA) Stan Rowley (AUS)<br />
1904 St. Louis<br />
details Archie Hahn (USA) Nathaniel Cartmell (USA) William Hogenson (USA)<br />
1908 London<br />
details Reggie Walker (RSA) James Rector (USA) Robert Kerr (CAN)<br />
1912 Stockholm<br />
details Ralph Craig (USA) Alvah Meyer (USA) Donald Lippincott (USA)<br />
1920 Antwerp<br />
details Charley Paddock (USA) Morris Kirksey (USA) Harry Edward (GBR)<br />
1924 Paris<br />
details Harold Abrahams (GBR) Jackson Scholz (USA) Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt (NZL)<br />
1928 Amsterdam<br />
details Percy Williams (CAN) Jack London (GBR) Georg Lammers (GER)<br />
1932 Los Angeles<br />
details Eddie Tolan (USA) Ralph Metcalfe (USA) Arthur Jonath (GER)<br />
1936 Berlin<br />
details Jesse Owens (USA) Ralph Metcalfe (USA) Tinus Osendarp (NED)<br />
1948 London<br />
details Harrison Dillard (USA) Barney Ewell (USA) Lloyd LaBeach (PAN)<br />
1952 Helsinki<br />
details Lindy Remigino (USA) Herb McKenley (JAM) McDonald Bailey (GBR)<br />
1956 Melbourne<br />
details Bobby Morrow (USA) Thane Baker (USA) Hector Hogan (AUS)<br />
1960 Rome<br />
details Armin Hary (EUA) Dave Sime (USA) Peter Radford (GBR)<br />
1964 Tokyo<br />
details Bob Hayes (USA) Enrique Figuerola (CUB) Harry Jerome (CAN)<br />
1968 Mexico City<br />
details Jim Hines (USA) Lennox Miller (JAM) Charles Greene (USA)<br />
1972 Munich<br />
details Valeriy Borzov (URS) Robert Taylor (USA) Lennox Miller (JAM)<br />
1976 Montreal<br />
details Hasely Crawford (TRI) Don Quarrie (JAM) Valeriy Borzov (URS)<br />
1980 Moscow<br />
details Allan Wells (GBR) Silvio Leonard (CUB) Petar Petrov (BUL)<br />
1984 Los Angeles<br />
details Carl Lewis (USA) Sam Graddy (USA) Ben Johnson (CAN)<br />
1988 Seoul<br />
details Carl Lewis (USA) Linford Christie (GBR) Calvin Smith (USA)<br />
1992 Barcelona<br />
details Linford Christie (GBR) Frankie Fredericks (NAM) Dennis Mitchell (USA)<br />
1996 Atlanta<br />
details Donovan Bailey (CAN) Frankie Fredericks (NAM) Ato Boldon (TRI)<br />
2000 Sydney<br />
details Maurice Greene (USA) Ato Boldon (TRI) Obadele Thompson (BAR)<br />
2004 Athens<br />
details Justin Gatlin (USA) Francis Obikwelu (POR) Maurice Greene (USA)<br />
2008 Beijing<br />
details <span style="color: #cc0000;"> Usain Bolt (JAM) </span> Richard Thompson (TRI) Walter Dix (USA)<br />
2012 London<br />
details <span style="color: #cc0000;">Usain Bolt (JAM)</span> Yohan Blake (JAM) Justin Gatlin (USA)<br />
2016 Rio de Janeiro<br />
details <span style="color: #cc0000;">Usain Bolt (JAM) </span> Justin Gatlin (USA) Andre De Grasse (CAN)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Women<br />
<br />
Rank Time Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Location <br />
<br />
1 10.49 0.0[a] <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Florence Griffith-Joyner </span></b> United States 16 July 1988 Indianapolis<br />
2 10.64 +1.2 Carmelita Jeter United States 20 September 2009 Shanghai<br />
3 10.65 [A] +1.1 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Marion Jones</b></span> United States 12 September 1998 Johannesburg<br />
4 10.70 +0.6 Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Jamaica 29 June 2012 Kingston<br />
+0.3 Elaine Thompson Jamaica 1 July 2016 Kingston [34]<br />
6 10.73 +2.0 Christine Arron France 19 August 1998 Budapest<br />
7 10.74 +1.3 Merlene Ottey Jamaica 7 September 1996 Milan<br />
+1.0 English Gardner United States 3 July 2016 Eugene [29]<br />
9 10.75 +0.4 Kerron Stewart Jamaica 10 July 2009 Rome<br />
10 10.76 +1.7 Evelyn Ashford United States 22 August 1984 Zürich<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="headline__heading">
<span style="font-size: large;">Usain Bolt stripped of Olympic gold medal after Jamaican team-mate Nesta Carter fails drugs test – but he vows to appeal</span></h1>
<br />
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/athletics/2017/01/25/usain-bolt-stripped-olympic-gold-medal-nesta-carter-banned-drugs/<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>USAIN BOLT SHUTS DOWN A REPORTER WHO ASKS ABOUT DRUGS IN 100m Finals PRESS CONFERENCE</b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JK-uwtnIfFU<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Usain Bolt</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt#Records<br />
<br />
<br />
Statistics<br />
<br />
Personal bests<br />
<br />
Event Time (seconds) Venue Date Records Notes<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">100 metres 9.58 Berlin, Germany 16 August 2009 WR Also has the second fastest time (9.63) and shares the third fastest time of 9.69 with Tyson Gay and Yohan Blake. Bolt's 9.63 is the Olympic record, set at the 2012 games.</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><br />150 metres 14.35 Manchester, United Kingdom 17 May 2009 WB[note 1] He ran the last 100 m in 8.70, the fastest ever recorded time over a 100 m distance. This would equal an average speed of 41.38 km/h (25.71 mph).</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><br />200 metres 19.19 Berlin, Germany 20 August 2009 WR Also holds the Olympic record with 19.30, which was then (2008) a world record.</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><br />300 metres 30.97 Ostrava, Czech Republic 27 May 2010 NR This is the third fastest time, behind Wayde van Niekerk 30.81 & Michael Johnson 30.85A. The event is not recognised by the IAAF.</span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><br />400 metres 45.28 Kingston, Jamaica 5 May 2007 [1]<br />4 × 100 metres relay 36.84 London, England 11 August 2012 WR Shared with Yohan Blake, Michael Frater and Nesta Carter.</span><br />
<br />
--------------- <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b> {We see how the number 1 black sprinter (Usain Bolt) for the 100 meter dash, 200 meter dash and 400 meter dash, that Bolt's team tested positive for steroids. We can see how the number 1 black female sprinter ( Florence Griffith-Joyner) for the 100 meter dash and 200 meter dash, also had taken steroids while at the Olympics}.</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Florence Griffith Joyner</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Griffith_Joyner<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Died
September 21, 1998 (aged 38)</span></b><br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr><td>100 m</td>
<td>Indianapolis</td>
<td>July 16, 1988</td>
<td>Quarter-final</td>
<td>10.49</td>
<td>0.0</td>
<td>WR</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr><td>200 m</td>
<td>Seoul</td>
<td>September 29, 1988</td>
<td>Final</td>
<td>21.34</td>
<td>+1.3</td>
<td>WR</td><td><br /></td><td><br /></td><td><br /></td><td><br /></td><td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Allegations_of_performance-enhancing_drug_use">Allegations of performance-enhancing drug use</span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Allegations_of_performance-enhancing_drug_use"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Robinson" title="Darrell Robinson">Darrell Robinson</a>, a former teammate of Griffith Joyner, claimed that he sold her 10 c.c. of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGH" title="HGH">HGH</a> for $2,000 in 1988. He said Joyner told him: "if you want to make $1 million, you've got to invest some thousands." Robinson also claimed to receive steroids from coach Bob Kersee, and said he saw <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lewis" title="Carl Lewis">Carl Lewis</a> inject himself with drugs he believed to be testosterone.
Robinson never provided any evidence for his allegations and was
shunned by the athletics community, leading to the premature end of his
career. Griffith Joyner retired from competitive track and field after her Olympic triumph in <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-uneasy_57-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Griffith_Joyner#cite_note-uneasy-57"></a></sup> She was repeatedly tested during competition, and she passed all of these drug tests.</span> </span></span></h2>
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Tyson Gay's failed drugs test was for banned steroid </b></span><br />
<br />
• American sprinter faces two-year athletics ban<br />
• 'I will take whatever punishment I get like a man' <br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2013/aug/23/tyson-gay-drugs-steroid-wada<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Marion Jones</b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Jones<br />
<br />
Marion
Lois Jones (born October 12, 1975), also known as Marion
Jones-Thompson, is an American former world champion track and field
athlete and a former professional basketball player for Tulsa Shock in
the WNBA. She won three gold medals and two bronze medals at the 2000
Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, but was later stripped of the
titles after admitting to steroid use. Jones did retain her three gold
medals as a world champion from 1997 and 1999.<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">How athletics is still scarred by the reign of the chemical sisters</span></h1>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 1.2em;">At
the time, Ma claimed his athletes’ performances were being boosted by
the consumption of turtle blood. But shortly before the 2000 Olympics,
China withdrew 27 athletes from their Olympic team, including six
runners trained by Ma who had tested positive for erythropoietin, the
banned blood doping drug better known as EPO. Ma was also fired from the
Chinese coaching staff.</span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; border: medium none; color: black; overflow: hidden; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/olympics/article-2184608/How-athletics-scarred-reign-chemical-sisters.html#ixzz5Ccx3MocM</div>
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">800 metres</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
Rank Time Athlete Nation Date Location <br />
<br />
1 1:40.91 <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">David Rudisha Kenya</span></b> 9 August 2012 London <br />
2 1:41.11 Wilson Kipketer Denmark 24 August 1997 Cologne <br />
3 1:41.73 Sebastian Coe United Kingdom 10 June 1981 Florence <br />
1:41.73 Nijel Amos Botswana 9 August 2012 London <br />
5 1:41.77 Joaquim Cruz Brazil 26 August 1984 Cologne <br />
6 1:42.23 Abubaker Kaki Khamis Sudan 4 June 2010 Oslo <br />
7 1:42.28 <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Sammy Koskei Kenya</span></b> 26 August 1984 Cologne <br />
8 1:42.34 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Wilfred Bungei Kenya</b></span> 8 September 2002 Rieti <br />
9 1:42.37 Mohammed Aman Ethiopia 6 September 2013 Brussels <br />
10 1:42.47 Yuriy Borzakovskiy Russia 24 August 2001 Brussels <br />
11 1:42.51 Amel Tuka Bosnia and Herzegovina 17 July 2015 Fontvieille <br />
12 1:42.53 Timothy Kitum Kenya 9 August 2012 London <br />
Pierre-Ambroise Bosse France 18 July 2014 Fontvieille <br />
14 1:42.55 André Bucher Switzerland 17 August 2001 Zürich <br />
15 1:42.58 Vebjørn Rodal Norway 31 July 1996 Atlanta <br />
16 1:42.60 Johnny Gray United States 28 August 1985 Koblenz <br />
17 1:42.61 Taoufik Makhloufi Algeria 15 August 2016 Rio de Janeiro <br />
18 1:42.62 <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Patrick Ndururi Kenya </span></b> 17 August 2001 Zurich <br />
19 1:42.67 <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Alfred Kirwa Yego Kenya</span></b> 6 September 2009 Rieti <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800_metres<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="story-headline gel-trafalgar-bold">
<span style="font-size: large;">Kenya faces fresh anti-doping crisis following surprise Wada move</span></h1>
<br />
http://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/36275649<br />
<br />
The Olympic participation of another powerhouse athletics nation - Russia - is already in doubt.<br />
In November, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)<a href="http://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/34811896"> banned the country's track and field athletes</a> from international competition following allegations of systemic state-sponsored cheating.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table class="sp-story-body__table"><thead>
<tr><th>Kenyan doping</th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td>As of January 2016, 18 Kenyan athletes were suspended for doping</td></tr>
<tr><td>Those 18 athletes are serving bans totalling 55 years</td></tr>
<tr><td>The best known is Rita Jeptoo, who has won the Boston and Chicago marathons</td></tr>
<tr><td>Lilian Moraa Mariita was given the longest ban - eight years for taking steroids</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Dark cloud of doping hanging over Kenyan athletic<span style="font-size: small;">S</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<hgroup>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Br Colm O’Connell outlines why he fears for the previously clean reputation of Kenyan distance running </span></h2>
</hgroup><br />
https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/dark-cloud-of-doping-hanging-over-kenyan-athletics-1.1996620<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1>
Suspended Kenyan says doping is common</h1>
<br />
<br />
https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/athletics/suspended-kenyan-says-doping-is-common-8031835.html<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: large;">KENYAN RUNNING COACH REVEALS SECRET TRAINING METHODS</span></h1>
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jkvZ7kuBaoQ<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<b> <span style="font-size: large;">The controversial shoe propelling marathon runners to amazing records </span></b><br />
<br />
16 Oct, 2019<br />
<br />
The Nike ZoomX Vaporfly, launched in 2016, has zoomed into the headlines, and is threatening to become as famous as Kenya's record setting stars Brigid Kosgei and Eliud Kipchoge.<br />
<br />
https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=12276942<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
1500 metres</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres<br />
<br />
<br />
Men<br />
<br />
Correct as of July 2017.<br />
<br />
Rank Result Athlete Nation Date Location <br />
<br />
1 3:26.00 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Hicham El Guerrouj Morocco</b></span> 14 July 1998 Rome <br />
2 3:26.34 <span style="color: #cc0000;"> Bernard Lagat Kenya </span> 24 August 2001 Brussels <br />
3 3:26.69 <span style="color: #cc0000;">Asbel Kiprop Kenya</span> 17 July 2015 Monaco <br />
4 3:27.37 Noureddine Morceli Algeria 12 July 1995 Nice <br />
5 3:27.64 <span style="color: #cc0000;">Silas Kiplagat Kenya</span> 18 July 2014 Monaco <br />
6 3:28.12 <span style="color: #cc0000;">Noah Ngeny Kenya</span> 11 August 2000 Zürich <br />
7 3:28.75 Taoufik Makhloufi Algeria 17 July 2015 Monaco <br />
8 3:28.79 Abdalaati Iguider Morocco 17 July 2015 Monaco <br />
9 3:28.80 Elijah Manangoi <span style="color: #cc0000;">Kenya</span> 21 July 2017 Monaco <br />
10 3:28.81 Mo Farah Great Britain 19 July 2013 Monaco <br />
3:28.81 <span style="color: #cc0000;"> Ronald Kwemoi Kenya</span> 18 July 2014 Monaco <br />
12 3:28.95 Fermín Cacho Spain 13 August 1997 Zürich <br />
13 3:28.98 Mehdi Baala France 5 September 2003 Brussels <br />
14 3:29.02 <span style="color: #cc0000;">Daniel Kipchirchir Komen </span> Kenya 14 July 2006 Rome <br />
15 3:29.10 <span style="color: #cc0000;">Timothy Cheruiyot</span> <span style="color: #cc0000;">Kenya</span> 21 July 2017 Monaco <br />
16 3:29.14 Rashid Ramzi Bahrain 14 July 2006 Rome <br />
17 3:29.18 Venuste Niyongabo Burundi 22 August 1997 Brussels <br />
18 3:29.29 <span style="color: #cc0000;">William Chirchir Kenya </span> 24 August 2001 Brussels <br />
19 3:29.46 Said Aouita Morocco 23 August 1985 Berlin <br />
20 3:29.46 <span style="color: #cc0000;">Daniel Komen Kenya</span> 16 August 1997 Monaco <br />
21 3:29.47 <span style="color: #cc0000;"> Augustine Choge Kenya </span> 14 June 2009 Berlin <br />
22 3:29.50 <span style="color: #cc0000;">Caleb Ndiku Kenya </span> 19 July 2013 Monaco <br />
23 3:29.51 Ali Saidi-Sief Algeria 4 July 2001 Brussels <br />
24 3:29.53 Amine Laalou Morocco 22 July 2010 Monaco <br />
25 3:29.58 Ayanleh Souleiman Djibouti 18 July 2014 Monaco <br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="story-headline">
<span style="font-size: large;">Doug Robinson: The big reset: Track might erase the record book and start over</span></h1>
<br />
2017<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865683972/The-big-reset-Track-might-erase-the-record-book-and-start-over.html<br />
<br />
Performance-enhancing drugs have cast cynicism and doubt on sports
ranging from baseball and cycling to track and field and swimming. They
have rendered the record books almost meaningless, especially in sports
whose fans revel in the statistics.<br />
Now track and
field officials are considering drastic action: They might tear up the
record book and start over. They might pretend some performances never
happened.<br />
The IAAF — track and field’s international governing body
— is considering a proposal that would erase any record that was set
before 2005. Why 2005? That’s when the IAAF began to store blood and
urine samples that could be retested years later as new, more advanced
tests are developed.<br />
Of the 42 men’s and women’s
records for Olympic events (plus the mile), the reset would wipe out 28
of them — about two-thirds. <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>This includes Hicham El Guerrouj’s
1,500-meter mark (1998)</b></span>, <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Mike Powell’s long jump record (1991), Paula
Radcliffe’s marathon record (2003), Jackie Joyner Kersee’s heptathlon
mark (1988), and the highly suspicious marks produced by the late
Florence Griffith Joyner in the 100- and 200-meter dashes (1988). It
also would erase history’s only 8-foot high jump, by Javier Sotomayor
(1993), and history’s only 60-foot triple jump, by Jonathan Edwards
(1995).</span></b><br />
With the constant advancement of drug-testing
techniques (made necessary by the constant advancement of protocols to
beat the tests and the development of new drugs), athletes are being
busted years after their offense. About two dozen athletes from five
sports have been caught after their frozen blood and urine samples were
retested during the four years since the London Olympics.<br />
The
IOC reported this year that 31 athletes from the 2008 Beijing Olympics
have tested positive through retesting. One of them was Nesta Carter,
who tested positive for using a banned substance in the 2008 Olympics,
costing Jamaica (and teammate Usain Bolt) a gold medal in the 4 x 100
relay.<br />
The retesting procedures mean cheaters will
never rest easy; they’ll always wonder if and when their deception will
be discovered.<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="content__headline">
Turkey’s Asli Cakir Alptekin stripped of Olympic 1500m title for doping
</h1>
<br />
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/aug/17/asli-cakir-alptekin-london-2012-1500m-stripped-gold-medal-doping<br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
5000 metres</h1>
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000_metres<br />
<br />
<br />
All-time top 25<br />
See also: 5000 metres world record progression<br />
<br />
Men<br />
<br />
Pos Time Athlete Venue Date <br />
<br />
1 12:37.35 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Kenenisa Bekele (ETH)</b></span> Hengelo 31 May 2004<br />
2 12:39.36 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Haile Gebrselassie (ETH</b></span>) Helsinki 13 June 1998<br />
3 12:39.74 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Daniel Komen (KEN)</b></span> Brussels 22 August 1997<br />
4 12:46.53 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Eliud Kipchoge (KEN)</b></span> Rome 2 July 2004<br />
5 12:46.81 <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Dejen Gebremeskel (ETH)</span></b> Paris 6 July 2012 <br />
6 12:47.04 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Sileshi Sihine (ETH)</b></span> Rome 2 July 2004<br />
7 12:47.53 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Hagos Gebrhiwet (ETH)</b></span> Paris 6 July 2012 <br />
8 12:48.64 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Isaiah Kiplangat Koech (KEN)</b></span> Paris 6 July 2012 <br />
9 12:48.66 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Isaac Songok (KEN)</b></span> Zürich 18 August 2006<br />
10 12:48.77 <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Yenew Alamirew (ETH)</span></b> Paris 6 July 2012 <br />
11 12:48.81 <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Stephen Cherono (KEN)</span></b> Ostrava 12 June 2003<br />
12 12:49.04 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Thomas Pkemei Longosiwa (KEN)</b></span> Paris 6 July 2012 <br />
13 12:49.28 Brahim Lahlafi (MAR) Brussels 25 August 2000<br />
14 12:49.50 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>John Kipkoech (KEN)</b></span> Paris 6 July 2012 <br />
15 12:49.71 <b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> Mohammed Mourhit (BEL)</span></b> Brussels 25 August 2000<br />
16 12:49.87 Paul Tergat (KEN) Zürich 13 August 1997<br />
17 12:50.24 Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR) Ostrava 12 June 2003<br />
18 12:50.25 Abderrahim Goumri (MAR) Brussels 26 August 2005<br />
19 12:50.55 Moses Ndiema Masai (KEN) Berlin 1 June 2008<br />
20 12:50.72 Moses Ndiema Kipsiro (UGA) Brussels 14 September 2007<br />
21 12:50.80 Salah Hissou (MAR) Rome 5 June 1996<br />
22 12:50.86 Ali Saïdi-Sief (ALG) Rome 30 June 2000<br />
23 12:51.00 Joseph Ebuya (KEN) Brussels 14 September 2007<br />
24 12:51.34 Edwin Soi (KEN) Monaco 19 July 2013<br />
25 12:51.45 <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Vincent Kiprop Chepkok (KEN)</b></span> Doha 14 May 2010<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="pageTitle">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ethiopia to impose lifetime bans on drug cheats</span></h1>
<br />
Ethiopia, one of five countries the IAAF says is in “critical care”
over its drug-testing systems, will impose lifetime bans on drug cheats,
the new president of the Ethiopian Athletics Federation (EAF) said on
Wednesday (local time).<br />
The Horn of Africa country has for many years dominated distance
running along with neighbouring Kenya, but it had its credibility
questioned this year when six of its athletes came under investigation
for doping.<br />
The EAF subsequently announced that it would carry out tests on up to 200 athletes.<br />
Distance-running great Haile Gebrselassie, who was elected head of
the EAF last month amid discontent over mismanagement, told Reuters his
administration has adopted a “zero tolerance” approach towards doping.<br />
“Our stand is no excuse towards someone who has cheated. As of today,
any athlete who has offended will be hit by a life ban,” he said.<br />
The move means Ethiopian athletes who fail tests and are subject to a
four-year ban from December 28 onwards will no longer be able to
represent the country in any competition.<br />
The punishment is much stricter than the one currently imposed by the
International Olympic Committee whose rules stipulate that athletes
caught doping can face four-year bans but after serving it they are
eligible to compete in any international event, including the Olympics.<br />
Gebrselassie said his aim was to convince the sport’s world governing
body that Ethiopia was serious in tackling doping and for it to be
removed from the list of countries identified by IAAF president
Sebastian Coe as in need of “critical care”.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Kenya, Morocco, Ukraine and Belarus are other nations in that category.</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
http://taylorhooton.org/ethiopia-to-impose-lifetime-bans-on-drug-cheats/<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
10,000 metres</h1>
<br />
Rank Time Athlete Date Place Ref<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>1 26:17.53 Kenenisa Bekele (ETH) 26 August 2005 Brussels </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>2 26:22.75 Haile Gebrselassie (ETH) 1 June 1998 Hengelo </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>3 26:27.85 Paul Tergat (KEN) 22 August 1997 Brussels </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>4 26:30.03 Nicholas Kemboi (KEN) 5 September 2003 Brussels </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>5 26:30.74 Abebe Dinkesa (ETH) 29 May 2005 Hengelo </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>6 26:35.63 Micah Kogo (KEN) 25 August 2006 Brussels </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>7 26:36.26 Paul Koech (KEN) 22 August 1997 Brussels</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10,000_metres<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Marathon</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon<br />
<br />
<br />
All-time lists<br />
<br />
Correct as of February 2018.<br />
<br />
Men Rank Time Athlete Country Date Place <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>1 2:02:57 Dennis Kipruto Kimetto Kenya 28 September 2014 Berlin <br />2 2:03:03 Kenenisa Bekele Ethiopia 25 September 2016 Berlin <br />3 2:03:05 Eliud Kipchoge Kenya 24 April 2016 London <br />4 2:03:13 Emmanuel Mutai Kenya 28 September 2014 Berlin <br />Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich Kenya 25 September 2016 Berlin <br />6 2:03:38 Patrick Makau Musyoki Kenya 25 September 2011 Berlin <br />7 2:03:46 Guye Adola Ethiopia 24 September 2017 Berlin <br />8 2:03:51 Stanley Biwott Kenya 24 April 2016 London <br />9 2:03:59 Haile Gebrselassie Ethiopia 28 September 2008 Berlin <br />10 2:04:00 Mosinet Geremew Ethiopia 26 January 2018 Dubai <br />11 2:04:02 Leul Gebresilase Ethiopia 26 January 2018 Dubai <br />12 2:04:06 Tamirat Tola Ethiopia 26 January 2018 Dubai <br />Asefa Mengstu Ethiopia 26 January 2018 Dubai <br />14 2:04:08 Sisay Lemma Ethiopia 26 January 2018 Dubai <br />15 2:04:15 Geoffrey Mutai Kenya 9 September 2012 Berlin <br />Birhanu Legese Ethiopia 26 January 2018 Dubai [84]<br />17 2:04:23 Ayele Abshero Ethiopia 27 January 2012 Dubai <br />18 2:04:24 Tesfaye Abera Ethiopia 22 January 2016 Dubai <br />19 2:04:27 Duncan Kibet Kirong Kenya 5 April 2009 Rotterdam <br />James Kipsang Kwambai Kenya 5 April 2009 Rotterdam <br />21 2:04:28 Sammy Kirop Kitwara Kenya 12 October 2014 Chicago <br />22 2:04:32 Tsegaye Mekonnen Ethiopia 24 January 2014 Dubai <br />Dickson Kiptolo Chumba Kenya 12 October 2014 Chicago <br />24 2:04:33 Lemi Berhanu Ethiopia 22 January 2016 Dubai <br />25 2:04:38 Tsegay Kebede Ethiopia 7 October 2012 Chicago </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> Olympic medalists</b><br />
<br />
<b>Men</b><br />
<br />
Games Gold Silver Bronze<br />
1896 Athens<br />
details Spiridon Louis (GRE) Charilaos Vasilakos (GRE) Gyula Kellner (HUN)<br />
1900 Paris<br />
details Michel Théato (FRA)[130] Émile Champion (FRA) Ernst Fast (SWE)<br />
1904 St. Louis<br />
details Thomas Hicks (USA) Albert Corey (USA)[131] Arthur Newton (USA)<br />
1908 London<br />
details Johnny Hayes (USA) Charles Hefferon (RSA) Joseph Forshaw (USA)<br />
1912 Stockholm<br />
details Ken McArthur (RSA) Christian Gitsham (RSA) Gaston Strobino (USA)<br />
1920 Antwerp<br />
details Hannes Kolehmainen (FIN) Jüri Lossmann (EST) Valerio Arri (ITA)<br />
1924 Paris<br />
details Albin Stenroos (FIN) Romeo Bertini (ITA) Clarence DeMar (USA)<br />
1928 Amsterdam<br />
details Boughera El Ouafi (FRA) Manuel Plaza (CHI) Martti Marttelin (FIN)<br />
1932 Los Angeles<br />
details Juan Carlos Zabala (ARG) Sam Ferris (GBR) Armas Toivonen (FIN)<br />
1936 Berlin<br />
details Sohn Kee-chung (JPN)[132] Ernest Harper (GBR) Nan Shoryu (JPN)[132]<br />
1948 London<br />
details Delfo Cabrera (ARG) Tom Richards (GBR) Étienne Gailly (BEL)<br />
1952 Helsinki<br />
details Emil Zátopek (TCH) Reinaldo Gorno (ARG) Gustaf Jansson (SWE)<br />
1956 Melbourne<br />
details Alain Mimoun (FRA) Franjo Mihalić (YUG) Veikko Karvonen (FIN)<br />
1960 Rome<br />
details Abebe Bikila (ETH) Rhadi Ben Abdesselam (MAR) Barry Magee (NZL)<br />
1964 Tokyo<br />
details Abebe Bikila (ETH) Basil Heatley (GBR) Kokichi Tsuburaya (JPN)<br />
1968 Mexico City<br />
details Mamo Wolde (ETH) Kenji Kimihara (JPN) Mike Ryan (NZL)<br />
1972 Munich<br />
details Frank Shorter (USA) Karel Lismont (BEL) Mamo Wolde (ETH)<br />
1976 Montreal<br />
details Waldemar Cierpinski (GDR) Frank Shorter (USA) Karel Lismont (BEL)<br />
1980 Moscow<br />
details Waldemar Cierpinski (GDR) Gerard Nijboer (NED) Satymkul Dzhumanazarov (URS)<br />
1984 Los Angeles<br />
details Carlos Lopes (POR) John Treacy (IRL) Charlie Spedding (GBR)<br />
1988 Seoul<br />
details Gelindo Bordin (ITA) <b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> Douglas Wakiihuri (KEN) </span></b> Ahmed Salah (DJI)<br />
1992 Barcelona<br />
details Hwang Young-cho (KOR) Koichi Morishita (JPN) Stephan Freigang (GER)<br />
1996 Atlanta<br />
details Josia Thugwane (RSA) Lee Bong-ju (KOR) <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Erick Wainaina (KEN)</span></b><br />
2000 Sydney<br />
details <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Gezahegne Abera (ETH)</span></b> <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b> Erick Wainaina (KEN)</b></span> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;"> Tesfaye Tola (ETH)</span></b><br />
2004 Athens<br />
details Stefano Baldini (ITA) Mebrahtom Keflezighi (USA) Vanderlei de Lima (BRA)<br />
2008 Beijing<br />
details <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Samuel Wanjiru (KEN)</span></b> Jaouad Gharib (MAR) <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Tsegay Kebede (ETH)</b></span><br />
2012 London<br />
details Stephen Kiprotich (UGA) <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Abel Kirui (KEN)</b></span> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich (KEN)</span></b><br />
2016 Rio de Janeiro<br />
details <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Eliud Kipchoge (KEN</span></b><span style="color: #cc0000;">) </span> <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>Feyisa Lelisa (ETH) </b></span> Galen Rupp (USA)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Open Era tennis records – men's singles</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Era_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_men%27s_singles<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #38761d;">{We can see that it is mostly Western and European countries are winning the men's tennis records}.</span></span><br />
<br />
----------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>All-time tennis records – women's singles</b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_tennis_records_%E2%80%93_women%27s_singles<br />
<br />
<br />
Grand Slam tournament records<br />
<br />
Grand Slam Singles totals<br />
<br />
Titles #<br />
<br />
1 Australia Margaret Court 24<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>2 United States Serena Williams 23</b></span><br />
<br />
3 West Germany Steffi Graf 22<br />
4 United States Helen Wills Moody 19<br />
5 United States Chris Evert 18<br />
United States Martina Navratilova<br />
7 United States Billie Jean King 12<br />
8 United States Maureen Connolly 9<br />
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/United States Monica Seles<br />
10 Norway/United States Molla Mallory 8<br />
France Suzanne Lenglen<br />
<br />
Finals #<br />
<br />
1 United States Chris Evert 34<br />
2 Czechoslovakia/United States Martina Navratilova 32<br />
3 West Germany Steffi Graf 31<br />
4 Australia Margaret Court 29<br />
United States Serena Williams<br />
6 United States Helen Wills Moody 22<br />
7 United States Doris Hart 18<br />
United States Billie Jean King<br />
Australia Evonne Goolagong Cawley<br />
10 United States Helen Jacobs 16<br />
United States Venus Williams<br />
<br />
Semifinals #<br />
<br />
1 United States Chris Evert 52<br />
2 Czechoslovakia/United States Martina Navratilova 44<br />
3 West Germany Steffi Graf 37<br />
4 Australia Margaret Court 36<br />
5 United States Serena Williams 34<br />
6 United States Billie Jean King 26<br />
7 United States Doris Hart 25<br />
United States Louise Brough<br />
9 United States Helen Wills Moody 22<br />
Australia Evonne Goolagong Cawley<br />
United States Venus Williams<br />
<br />
Quarterfinals #<br />
<br />
1 United States Chris Evert 54<br />
2 Czechoslovakia/United States Martina Navratilova 53<br />
3 United States Serena Williams 47<br />
4 Australia Margaret Court 43<br />
5 West Germany Steffi Graf 42<br />
6 United States Billie Jean King 40<br />
7 United States Venus Williams 38<br />
8 Spain Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 34<br />
9 United States Doris Hart 32<br />
10 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/United States Monica Seles 31<br />
United States Lindsay Davenport<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title-page">
<span style="font-size: large;">Serena Williams and Steroids: Accusations and the Evidence of Use</span></h1>
<br />
https://steroidssaleguide.com/serena-williams-and-steroids-accusations-and-the-evidence-of-use/<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="post-headline">
<span style="font-size: large;">Here's why it's no surprise that a Russian hack revealed Simone Biles and the Williams sisters used 'banned' drugs</span></h1>
<br />
http://www.businessinsider.com/russian-hack-serena-venus-williams-simone-biles-exemptions-banned-drugs-2016-9<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{The number one black <b>Tennis</b> player for women is on steroids.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;">The number one black <b>high jumper</b> and the number one black <b>long jumper</b> are on steroids as well.</span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Usain Bolt</b> won first place for 100 meters and 200 meters, his team was found to be on steroids.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"> Every single men's running event listed in the following article below, has a problem with the first place winner and banned illegal substances, and they are all of African descent}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Athletics at the Summer Olympics</h1>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">100 Meters - Illegal substances on the team (steroids)</span></b><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>200 Meters - Illegal substances on the team (steroids)</b></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">800 Meters - Steroids</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">1500 Meters - Steroids</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">5,000 Meters - Steroids</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">10,000 Meters - Steroids</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Marathon - Steroids</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_Summer_Olympics<br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{The Kenyans in the 5,000 m race, 10,000 m race and the marathons are tainted by steroid use. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">We would now like to strip all these titles of these users of banned and illegal substances, and throw these titles into the steroid, drug and GMO steroid category of athletes. If you are going to use some of these drugs, you might as well genetically modify your body with other types of banned chemicals, to where there will be no end to these new steroids coming out on the market. I am glad I made this article, because many people had no idea this type of cheating is going on in the athletic community. </span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">What if you could take a steroid or chemical so that when you reproduce, that steroid or chemical would make your offspring and children stronger when they are born?</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">We can see a pattern of steroid use, and why many African athletes that claim to be number one in an athletic field, were actually illegitimate steroid users that would lie on their use of using illegal substances in legitimate tournaments.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Now we can see that the number one black golfer named Tiger Woods, also has now tested positive for illegal substances}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Rank Name Year of birth and death Country Wins Majors Winning span (years)<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #7f6000;"><b>1 Sam Snead H 1912–2002 United States 82 7 1936–1965 30</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>2 Tiger Woods 1975– United States 79 14 1996–2013 18</b></span><br />
3 Jack Nicklaus H 1940– United States 73 18 1962–1986 25<br />
4 Ben Hogan H 1912–1997 United States 64 9 1938–1959 22<br />
5 Arnold Palmer H 1929–2016 United States 62 7 1955–1973 19<br />
6 Byron Nelson H 1912–2006 United States 52 5 1935–1951 17<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_golfers_with_most_PGA_Tour_wins<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Most
of the really good professional golf players were born in the early
1900s, such as Sam Snead, who currently has more PGA tour wins than even
Tiger Woods.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Many
of these good players did not have a chance to show up Tiger Woods on
how to play golf. Even the golf club technology in the early 1900s was not as
good as the golf clubs of today. Sam Snead was not on steroids either, such as how Tiger Woods was caught cheating and having illegal substances in his body}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="content__headline">
<span style="font-size: small;">Two of five drugs in Tiger Woods's system on his arrest banned by PGA Tour
</span></h1>
https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/aug/15/tiger-woods-five-different-drugs-arrested-toxicology-report<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="headline heading-content margin-8-tb">
<span style="font-size: small;">Tiger Woods paid Anthony Galea $76K for 14 visits, new book says</span></h1>
http://www.golf.com/tour-and-news/tiger-woods-paid-anthony-galea-76k-14-visits-new-book-says<br />
<br />
<br />
------------ <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Report: Cowboys' Randy Gregory facing one-year NFL suspension</b><br />
<br />
https://sports.yahoo.com/news/report-cowboys-randy-gregory-facing-one-year-nfl-suspension-180846225.html<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<b>Rams running back Trey Watts suspended indefinitely for banned substance</b><br />
<br />
http://fox2now.com/2015/11/04/rams-running-back-trey-watts-suspended-indefinitely-for-drug-violation/<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Many of the claimed great black running backs, receivers, batters and fighters were even found to be on steroids, maybe we should have a steroid league for athletes. However, it is not good that athletes use these substances that can deform your body and cause genetic damage to your offspring. It is really sad how some of the most athletic people in the world have damaged their hearts, organs, their DNA and possibly their offspring if they choose to have children. We must ask what many of these banned substances will do to the human gene pool as well, when people decide to reproduce after taking these banned illegal substances for many years}.</span></b><br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<b>Jaguars WR Justin Blackmon suspended for rest of 2013 season</b><br />
<br />
https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/jaguars-wr-justin-blackmon-suspended-for-rest-of-2013-season/<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Jon Jones removed from UFC 200 for possible drug violation; what happens next?</b><br />
<br />
https://sports.yahoo.com/news/jon-jones-removed-from-ufc-200-for-possible-drug-violation-what-happens-next-044421271.html<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Kimbo Slice: Did Steroids Play A Part In His Tragic Death?</b><br />
<br />
Just
two months before his shocking death, Kimbo Slice tested positive for
steroid use after the Bellator 149 fight. Could using steroids have been
the reason his heart failed him at such a young age?<br />
<br />
<br />
http://hollywoodlife.com/2016/06/07/kimbo-slice-steroids-tested-positive-heart-failure-death/<br />
<br />
------------ <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Ervin Santana suspended 80 games after testing positive for steroids</b></span><br />
<br />
https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/mlb-big-league-stew/ervin-santana-suspended-80-games-after-testing-positive-for-steroids-205302969.html<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Packers’ Guion suspended for the first four games of 2017 season</b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.foxsports.com/wisconsin/story/green-bay-packers-letroy-guion-suspended-nfl-performance-enhancing-drugs-030717<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Report: Allonzo Trier tests positive for performance-enhancing drugs</b></span><br />
<br />
http://www.tucsonnewsnow.com/story/34293580/report-allonzo-trier-tests-positive-for-performance-enhancing-drugs<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Athletes Banned For Steroid Use</b></span><br />
<br />
Dwain Chambers<br />
<br />
https://young.scot/information/body/athletes-banned-for-steroid-use/<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The 15 Biggest Steroid, P.E.D., and Doping Scandals in Sports History</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Rashid Ramzi, Track and Field</b><br />
<br />
Ramzi showed that he was one of the elite athletes in his sport after winning the 800- and 1500-meter races at the 2005 World Championships, becoming the first man to ever win both events at the competition. A few years later, he won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing—the first ever for the nation of Bahrain—but that accomplishment soon was taken away after Ramzi tested positive for the banned blood-boosting substance CERA, and was stripped of his medal.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Manny Ramirez, Baseball</b><br />
<br />
Ramirez is considered to be one of the best hitters in baseball history, but he also has had connections to performance-enhancing drugs. Ramirez was suspended for 50 games in 2009 after violating baseball’s drug policy for using human chorionic gonadotropin, which stimulates more testosterone production, while with the Los Angeles Dodgers. Early in the 2011 season, Ramirez violated the policy again and faced a 100-game ban, but he opted to retire instead.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Dee Gordon, Baseball</b><br />
<br />
Gordon’s penalty for violating the MLB’s performance-enhancing drug policy may not be one of the “biggest scandals ever,” but it’s darkly symbolic for the wider sports world. Gordon is not considered a slugger by any stretch of the imagination—the slender second baseman weighs just 170lbs—and his positive test shows that it’s not just about power and home runs when it comes to using P.E.D.s.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Justin Gatlin, Track and Field</b><br />
<br />
<b>Marion Jones, Track and Field</b><br />
<br />
<b>Barry Bonds (Allegedly), Baseball</b><br />
<br />
https://www.mensjournal.com/sports/15-biggest-steroid-ped-and-doping-scandals-sports-history/<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Everyone’s Juicing</b></span><br />
<br />
Latest raids of undercover steroid labs suggest the market for steroids goes way beyond the world of elite athletes.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.propublica.org/article/raids-steroid-labs-suggest-market-for-steroids-beyond-elite-athletes<br />
<br />
Earlier this month, the Drug Enforcement Administration announced that it had busted 16 underground labs and seized 134,000 steroid tablets and pills, 8,200 liters of injectable steroid liquid (that’s 140 kegs worth), and 1,400 pounds of the raw powder from which steroids are made. In Arizona alone, four labs and 150,000 doses of all types were taken by DEA agents in an undercover operation that spanned 20 states and four foreign countries.<br />
<br />
There are, clearly, a lot of steroids out in the world. Investigators suspect there are hundreds more labs churning out performance-enhancing drugs. According to the DEA, most of the material used to make steroids isn’t even in the U.S. – it’s in China. As big as it was, the DEA inquiry offers a view through the smallest of keyholes of this illicit business.<br />
<br />
One reasonable inference from the amount of steroids seized might be: there must be a heck of a lot of athletes who are doping. And that’s true.<br />
<br />
This month, the British Parliament released a previously unpublished study by the World Anti-Doping Agency that used anonymous surveys to estimate the prevalence of doping at some recent competitions. It estimated that between 29 and 34 percent of the athletes at the 2011 world championships in track and field in Daegu, South Korea used performance-enhancing drugs that season. As many as half of the competitors at the 2011 Pan-Arab Games in Doha, Qatar had recently juiced, the study found. (I was at those Pan-Arab Games, and privy to the barely noted fact that nine gold medals were stripped before the event even ended.) <br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Synthol use is big over in the Middle East}.</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Clean and jerk</b></span><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_and_jerk#World_records<br />
<br />
105+ kg Hossein Rezazadeh 263.5 kilograms (581 lb) <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{The current record is held by a Persian (Steroids)}</span><br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Hossein Rezazadeh</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
In September 2008, Rezazadeh was named manager and head coach of Iran's national weightlifting team. In January 2009, he was blamed for positive results of the steroid tests of four Iranian weightlifters. Later on, one of the team members, Saeid Alihosseini accused him of using steroids in 2006. Rezazadeh has publicly vowed to fight doping in weightlifting.<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Rezazadeh<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>List of Olympic medalists in fencing (men)</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Sabre,_individual"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_(fencing)" title="Sabre (fencing)">Sabre</a>, individual</span></h3>
<table border="1" class="wikitable plainrowheaders"><tbody>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="col" style="width: 120px;">Games</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 215, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Gold</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Silver</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(204, 153, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Bronze</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Athens</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Georgiadis" title="Ioannis Georgiadis">Ioannis Georgiadis</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Greece at the 1896 Summer Olympics">Greece</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemachos_Karakalos" title="Telemachos Karakalos">Telemachos Karakalos</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Greece at the 1896 Summer Olympics">Greece</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Nielsen" title="Holger Nielsen">Holger Nielsen</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="560" data-file-width="740" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="20" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Denmark at the 1896 Summer Olympics">Denmark</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Paris</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_de_la_Falaise" title="Georges de la Falaise">Georges de la Falaise</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1900 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Thi%C3%A9baut" title="Léon Thiébaut">Léon Thiébaut</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1900 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Flesch" title="Siegfried Flesch">Siegfried Flesch</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Austria at the 1900 Summer Olympics">Austria</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904 St. Louis</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_D%C3%ADaz_(fencer)" title="Manuel Díaz (fencer)">Manuel Díaz</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Cuba at the 1904 Summer Olympics">Cuba</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grebe" title="William Grebe">William Grebe</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="539" data-file-width="1024" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertson_Van_Zo_Post" title="Albertson Van Zo Post">Albertson Van Zo Post</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="539" data-file-width="1024" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1908 Summer Olympics">1908 London</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Fuchs" title="Jenő Fuchs">Jenő Fuchs</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1908 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Zulawsky" title="Béla Zulawsky">Béla Zulawsky</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1908 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Goppold_von_Lobsdorf" title="Vilém Goppold von Lobsdorf">Vilém Goppold von Lobsdorf</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Bohemia at the 1908 Summer Olympics">Bohemia</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Stockholm</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Fuchs" title="Jenő Fuchs">Jenő Fuchs</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9ssy" title="Béla Békéssy">Béla Békéssy</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervin_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros" title="Ervin Mészáros">Ervin Mészáros</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281867-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Antwerp</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedo_Nadi" title="Nedo Nadi">Nedo Nadi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1920 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Nadi" title="Aldo Nadi">Aldo Nadi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1920 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianus_de_Jong" title="Adrianus de Jong">Adrianus de Jong</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Netherlands at the 1920 Summer Olympics">Netherlands</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Paris</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_P%C3%B3sta" title="Sándor Pósta">Sándor Pósta</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ducret" title="Roger Ducret">Roger Ducret</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1924 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Garay_(fencer)" title="János Garay (fencer)">János Garay</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Amsterdam</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%B6n_Terszty%C3%A1nszky" title="Odön Tersztyánszky">Odön Tersztyánszky</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1928 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attila_Petschauer" title="Attila Petschauer">Attila Petschauer</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1928 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bino_Bini" title="Bino Bini">Bino Bini</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1928 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Los Angeles</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Piller" title="György Piller">György Piller</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1932 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Gaudini" title="Giulio Gaudini">Giulio Gaudini</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1932 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endre_Kabos" title="Endre Kabos">Endre Kabos</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1932 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Berlin</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endre_Kabos" title="Endre Kabos">Endre Kabos</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Marzi" title="Gustavo Marzi">Gustavo Marzi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alad%C3%A1r_Gerevich" title="Aladár Gerevich">Aladár Gerevich</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_3-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics">1948 London</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alad%C3%A1r_Gerevich" title="Aladár Gerevich">Aladár Gerevich</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1948 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Pinton" title="Vincenzo Pinton">Vincenzo Pinton</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1948 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kov%C3%A1cs" title="Pál Kovács">Pál Kovács</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1948 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Helsinki</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kov%C3%A1cs" title="Pál Kovács">Pál Kovács</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alad%C3%A1r_Gerevich" title="Aladár Gerevich">Aladár Gerevich</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_Berczelly" title="Tibor Berczelly">Tibor Berczelly</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Melbourne</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1ti" title="Rudolf Kárpáti">Rudolf Kárpáti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Paw%C5%82owski" title="Jerzy Pawłowski">Jerzy Pawłowski</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Poland at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Poland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kuznetsov_(fencer)" title="Lev Kuznetsov (fencer)">Lev Kuznetsov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Rome</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1ti" title="Rudolf Kárpáti">Rudolf Kárpáti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1960 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Horv%C3%A1th_(fencer)" title="Zoltán Horváth (fencer)">Zoltán Horváth</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1960 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimiro_Calarese" title="Wladimiro Calarese">Wladimiro Calarese</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1960 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Tokyo</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_P%C3%A9zsa" title="Tibor Pézsa">Tibor Pézsa</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Arabo" title="Claude Arabo">Claude Arabo</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1964 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_Mavlikhanov" title="Umar Mavlikhanov">Umar Mavlikhanov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Mexico City</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Paw%C5%82owski" title="Jerzy Pawłowski">Jerzy Pawłowski</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Poland at the 1968 Summer Olympics">Poland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rakita" title="Mark Rakita">Mark Rakita</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1968 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_P%C3%A9zsa" title="Tibor Pézsa">Tibor Pézsa</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1968 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Munich</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Sidyak" title="Viktor Sidyak">Viktor Sidyak</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1972 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Mar%C3%B3th" title="Péter Maróth">Péter Maróth</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1972 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nazlymov" title="Vladimir Nazlymov">Vladimir Nazlymov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1972 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Montreal</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Krovopuskov" title="Viktor Krovopuskov">Viktor Krovopuskov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1976 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nazlymov" title="Vladimir Nazlymov">Vladimir Nazlymov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1976 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Sidyak" title="Viktor Sidyak">Viktor Sidyak</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1976 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Krovopuskov" title="Viktor Krovopuskov">Viktor Krovopuskov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1980 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Burtsev" title="Mikhail Burtsev">Mikhail Burtsev</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1980 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Ged%C5%91v%C3%A1ri" title="Imre Gedővári">Imre Gedővári</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1980 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lamour" title="Jean-François Lamour">Jean-François Lamour</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1984 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Marin" title="Marco Marin">Marco Marin</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1984 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Westbrook" title="Peter Westbrook">Peter Westbrook</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Seoul</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lamour" title="Jean-François Lamour">Jean-François Lamour</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1988 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Olech" title="Janusz Olech">Janusz Olech</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Poland at the 1988 Summer Olympics">Poland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Scalzo" title="Giovanni Scalzo">Giovanni Scalzo</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1988 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Barcelona</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bence_Szab%C3%B3" title="Bence Szabó">Bence Szabó</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1992 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Marin" title="Marco Marin">Marco Marin</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1992 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lamour" title="Jean-François Lamour">Jean-François Lamour</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1992 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Atlanta</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Pozdnyakov" title="Stanislav Pozdnyakov">Stanislav Pozdnyakov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 1996 Summer Olympics">Russia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Sharikov" title="Sergey Sharikov">Sergey Sharikov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 1996 Summer Olympics">Russia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Touya" title="Damien Touya">Damien Touya</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1996 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Sydney</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Claudiu_Covaliu" title="Mihai Claudiu Covaliu">Mihai Claudiu Covaliu</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="600" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Romania at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Romania</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Gourdain" title="Mathieu Gourdain">Mathieu Gourdain</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 2000 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiradech_Kothny" title="Wiradech Kothny">Wiradech Kothny</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Germany at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Germany</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Athens</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Montano_(fencer_born_1978)" title="Aldo Montano (fencer born 1978)">Aldo Montano</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Italy_%282003-2006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%282003-2006%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 2004 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsolt_Nemcsik" title="Zsolt Nemcsik">Zsolt Nemcsik</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 2004 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladislav_Tretiak_(fencer)" title="Vladislav Tretiak (fencer)">Vladislav Tretiak</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Ukraine at the 2004 Summer Olympics">Ukraine</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Beijing</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Man" title="Zhong Man">Zhong Man</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2008 Summer Olympics">China</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Lopez_(fencer)" title="Nicolas Lopez (fencer)">Nicolas Lopez</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 2008 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Claudiu_Covaliu" title="Mihai Claudiu Covaliu">Mihai Claudiu Covaliu</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="600" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Romania at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Romania</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012 London</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ron_Szil%C3%A1gyi" title="Áron Szilágyi">Áron Szilágyi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Occhiuzzi" title="Diego Occhiuzzi">Diego Occhiuzzi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Kovalev_(fencer)" title="Nikolay Kovalev (fencer)">Nikolay Kovalev</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Russia</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Rio</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre" title="Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's sabre">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ron_Szil%C3%A1gyi" title="Áron Szilágyi">Áron Szilágyi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Homer" title="Daryl Homer">Daryl Homer</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jung-hwan_(fencer)" title="Kim Jung-hwan (fencer)">Kim Jung-hwan</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="South Korea at the 2016 Summer Olympics">South Korea</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Foil,_individual"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil_(fencing)" title="Foil (fencing)">Foil</a>, individual</span></h3>
<table border="1" class="wikitable plainrowheaders"><tbody>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="col" style="width: 120px;">Games</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 215, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Gold</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Silver</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(204, 153, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Bronze</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1896 Summer Olympics">1896 Athens</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Henri_Gravelotte" title="Eugène-Henri Gravelotte">Eugène-Henri Gravelotte</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1896 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Callot" title="Henri Callot">Henri Callot</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1896 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periklis_Pierrakos-Mavromichalis" title="Periklis Pierrakos-Mavromichalis">Periklis Pierrakos-Mavromichalis</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Greece at the 1896 Summer Olympics">Greece</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Paris</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Coste" title="Émile Coste">Émile Coste</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1900 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Masson" title="Henri Masson">Henri Masson</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1900 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Boulenger" title="Marcel Boulenger">Marcel Boulenger</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1900 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904 St. Louis</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Fonst" title="Ramón Fonst">Ramón Fonst</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Cuba at the 1904 Summer Olympics">Cuba</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertson_Van_Zo_Post" title="Albertson Van Zo Post">Albertson Van Zo Post</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="539" data-file-width="1024" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tatham_(fencer)" title="Charles Tatham (fencer)">Charles Tatham</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="539" data-file-width="1024" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1908 Summer Olympics">1908 London</a></td>
<td align="center" colspan="3"><i>not included in the Olympic program</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Stockholm</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedo_Nadi" title="Nedo Nadi">Nedo Nadi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Speciale" title="Pietro Speciale">Pietro Speciale</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Verderber" title="Richard Verderber">Richard Verderber</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Austria at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Austria</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Antwerp</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedo_Nadi" title="Nedo Nadi">Nedo Nadi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1920 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Cattiau" title="Philippe Cattiau">Philippe Cattiau</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1920 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ducret" title="Roger Ducret">Roger Ducret</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1920 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Paris</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ducret" title="Roger Ducret">Roger Ducret</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1924 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Cattiau" title="Philippe Cattiau">Philippe Cattiau</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1924 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Van_Damme" title="Maurice Van Damme">Maurice Van Damme</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Belgium at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Belgium</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Amsterdam</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Gaudin" title="Lucien Gaudin">Lucien Gaudin</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1928 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Casmir" title="Erwin Casmir">Erwin Casmir</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Germany at the 1928 Summer Olympics">Germany</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Gaudini" title="Giulio Gaudini">Giulio Gaudini</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1928 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Los Angeles</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Marzi" title="Gustavo Marzi">Gustavo Marzi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1932 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levis" title="Joseph Levis">Joseph Levis</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1900" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1932 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Gaudini" title="Giulio Gaudini">Giulio Gaudini</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1932 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Berlin</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Gaudini" title="Giulio Gaudini">Giulio Gaudini</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gard%C3%A8re" title="Edward Gardère">Edward Gardère</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1936 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Bocchino" title="Giorgio Bocchino">Giorgio Bocchino</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics">1948 London</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehan_Buhan" title="Jehan Buhan">Jehan Buhan</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1948 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_d%27Oriola" title="Christian d'Oriola">Christian d'Oriola</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1948 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Maszlay" title="Lajos Maszlay">Lajos Maszlay</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1948 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Helsinki</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_d%27Oriola" title="Christian d'Oriola">Christian d'Oriola</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1952 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Mangiarotti" title="Edoardo Mangiarotti">Edoardo Mangiarotti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlio_Di_Rosa" title="Manlio Di Rosa">Manlio Di Rosa</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Melbourne</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_d%27Oriola" title="Christian d'Oriola">Christian d'Oriola</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1956 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Bergamini" title="Giancarlo Bergamini">Giancarlo Bergamini</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Spallino" title="Antonio Spallino">Antonio Spallino</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Rome</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Zhdanovich" title="Viktor Zhdanovich">Viktor Zhdanovich</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1960 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Sisikin" title="Yuri Sisikin">Yuri Sisikin</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1960 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Axelrod" title="Albert Axelrod">Albert Axelrod</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_flag_49_stars.svg/23px-US_flag_49_stars.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1960 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Tokyo</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Franke_(fencer)" title="Egon Franke (fencer)">Egon Franke</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Poland at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Poland</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Claude_Magnan" title="Jean Claude Magnan">Jean Claude Magnan</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1964 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Revenu" title="Daniel Revenu">Daniel Revenu</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1964 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Mexico City</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Dr%C3%AEmb%C4%83" title="Ion Drîmbă">Ion Drîmbă</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Romania_%281965-1989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965-1989%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Romania at the 1968 Summer Olympics">Romania</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Kamuti" title="Jenő Kamuti">Jenő Kamuti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1968 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Revenu" title="Daniel Revenu">Daniel Revenu</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1968 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Munich</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Woyda" title="Witold Woyda">Witold Woyda</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Poland at the 1972 Summer Olympics">Poland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Kamuti" title="Jenő Kamuti">Jenő Kamuti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1976 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_No%C3%ABl" title="Christian Noël">Christian Noël</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1976 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Montreal</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_dal_Zotto" title="Fabio dal Zotto">Fabio dal Zotto</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1976 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Romankov" title="Alexandr Romankov">Alexandr Romankov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1976 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Talvard" title="Bernard Talvard">Bernard Talvard</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1976 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Smirnov_(fencer)" title="Vladimir Smirnov (fencer)">Vladimir Smirnov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1980 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Jolyot" title="Pascal Jolyot">Pascal Jolyot</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/23px-Olympic_flag.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1980 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Romankov" title="Alexandr Romankov">Alexandr Romankov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1980 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Numa" title="Mauro Numa">Mauro Numa</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1984 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Behr" title="Matthias Behr">Matthias Behr</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="West Germany at the 1984 Summer Olympics">West Germany</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Cerioni" title="Stefano Cerioni">Stefano Cerioni</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1984 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Seoul</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Cerioni" title="Stefano Cerioni">Stefano Cerioni</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1988 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Wagner" title="Udo Wagner">Udo Wagner</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="East Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics">East Germany</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Romankov" title="Alexandr Romankov">Alexandr Romankov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1988 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Barcelona</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Omn%C3%A8s" title="Philippe Omnès">Philippe Omnès</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1992 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Golubitsky" title="Sergei Golubitsky">Sergei Golubitsky</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/23px-Olympic_flag.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics">Unified Team</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Gregory" title="Elvis Gregory">Elvis Gregory</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Cuba at the 1992 Summer Olympics">Cuba</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Atlanta</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Puccini" title="Alessandro Puccini">Alessandro Puccini</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1996 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Plumenail" title="Lionel Plumenail">Lionel Plumenail</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1996 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Boidin" title="Franck Boidin">Franck Boidin</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1996 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Sydney</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Young-Ho" title="Kim Young-Ho">Kim Young-Ho</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="South Korea at the 2000 Summer Olympics">South Korea</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Bissdorf" title="Ralf Bissdorf">Ralf Bissdorf</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Germany at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Germany</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitriy_Shevchenko_(fencer)" title="Dmitriy Shevchenko (fencer)">Dmitriy Shevchenko</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Russia</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Athens</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_Guyart" title="Brice Guyart">Brice Guyart</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 2004 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Sanzo" title="Salvatore Sanzo">Salvatore Sanzo</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Italy_%282003-2006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%282003-2006%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 2004 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Cassar%C3%A0" title="Andrea Cassarà">Andrea Cassarà</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Italy_%282003-2006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%282003-2006%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 2004 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Beijing</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Kleibrink" title="Benjamin Kleibrink">Benjamin Kleibrink</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Germany</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki_Ota" title="Yuki Ota">Yuki Ota</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Japan at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Japan</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Sanzo" title="Salvatore Sanzo">Salvatore Sanzo</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012 London</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Sheng" title="Lei Sheng">Lei Sheng</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2012 Summer Olympics">China</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaaeldin_Abouelkassem" title="Alaaeldin Abouelkassem">Alaaeldin Abouelkassem</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Egypt at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Egypt</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Byung-Chul" title="Choi Byung-Chul">Choi Byung-Chul</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics">South Korea</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Rio</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil" title="Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's foil">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Garozzo" title="Daniele Garozzo">Daniele Garozzo</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Massialas" title="Alexander Massialas">Alexander Massialas</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur_Safin" title="Timur Safin">Timur Safin</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Russia</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Épée,_individual"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Épée">Épée</a>, individual</span></h3>
<table border="1" class="wikitable plainrowheaders"><tbody>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="col" style="width: 120px;">Games</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(255, 215, 0) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Gold</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(204, 204, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Silver</th>
<th colspan="1" scope="col" style="background: rgb(204, 153, 102) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 200px;">Bronze</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics">1900 Paris</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Fonst" title="Ramón Fonst">Ramón Fonst</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Cuba at the 1900 Summer Olympics">Cuba</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Perr%C3%A9e" title="Louis Perrée">Louis Perrée</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1900 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_S%C3%A9e" title="Léon Sée">Léon Sée</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1900 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904 St. Louis</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Fonst" title="Ramón Fonst">Ramón Fonst</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Cuba at the 1904 Summer Olympics">Cuba</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tatham_(fencer)" title="Charles Tatham (fencer)">Charles Tatham</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="539" data-file-width="1024" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertson_Van_Zo_Post" title="Albertson Van Zo Post">Albertson Van Zo Post</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="539" data-file-width="1024" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896-1908%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1904 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1908 Summer Olympics">1908 London</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1908 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Alibert" title="Gaston Alibert">Gaston Alibert</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1908 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Lippmann" title="Alexandre Lippmann">Alexandre Lippmann</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1908 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Olivier" title="Eugene Olivier">Eugene Olivier</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1908 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912 Stockholm</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1912 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anspach" title="Paul Anspach">Paul Anspach</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Belgium at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Belgium</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Joseph_Martin_Osiier" title="Ivan Joseph Martin Osiier">Ivan Joseph Martin Osiier</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="560" data-file-width="740" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" width="20" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Denmark at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Denmark</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_le_Hardy" title="Philippe le Hardy">Philippe le Hardy</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Belgium at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Belgium</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Antwerp</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1920 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Massard" title="Armand Massard">Armand Massard</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1920 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Lippmann" title="Alexandre Lippmann">Alexandre Lippmann</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1920 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Buchard" title="Gustave Buchard">Gustave Buchard</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1920 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Paris</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Delporte_(fencer)" title="Charles Delporte (fencer)">Charles Delporte</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Belgium at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Belgium</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ducret" title="Roger Ducret">Roger Ducret</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1924 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Hellsten_(fencer)" title="Nils Hellsten (fencer)">Nils Hellsten</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Sweden at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Sweden</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1928 Summer Olympics">1928 Amsterdam</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Gaudin" title="Lucien Gaudin">Lucien Gaudin</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1928 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Buchard" title="Georges Buchard">Georges Buchard</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1928 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Calnan" title="George Calnan">George Calnan</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1900" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 1928 Summer Olympics">United States</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932 Los Angeles</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1932 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Cornaggia-Medici" title="Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici">Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1932 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Buchard" title="Georges Buchard">Georges Buchard</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1932 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Agostoni" title="Carlo Agostoni">Carlo Agostoni</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1932 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Berlin</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Riccardi" title="Franco Riccardi">Franco Riccardi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saverio_Ragno" title="Saverio Ragno">Saverio Ragno</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Cornaggia-Medici" title="Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici">Giancarlo Cornaggia-Medici</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1936 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics">1948 London</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1948 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Cantone" title="Luigi Cantone">Luigi Cantone</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1948 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Zappelli" title="Oswald Zappelli">Oswald Zappelli</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="15" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Switzerland at the 1948 Summer Olympics">Switzerland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Mangiarotti" title="Edoardo Mangiarotti">Edoardo Mangiarotti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1948 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Helsinki</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1952 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Mangiarotti" title="Edoardo Mangiarotti">Edoardo Mangiarotti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dario_Mangiarotti" title="Dario Mangiarotti">Dario Mangiarotti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Zappelli" title="Oswald Zappelli">Oswald Zappelli</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="15" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Switzerland at the 1952 Summer Olympics">Switzerland</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Melbourne</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1956 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Pavesi" title="Carlo Pavesi">Carlo Pavesi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Delfino" title="Giuseppe Delfino">Giuseppe Delfino</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edoardo_Mangiarotti" title="Edoardo Mangiarotti">Edoardo Mangiarotti</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1956 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics">1960 Rome</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Delfino" title="Giuseppe Delfino">Giuseppe Delfino</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1960 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Jay" title="Allan Jay">Allan Jay</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 1960 Summer Olympics">Great Britain</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Khabarov" title="Bruno Khabarov">Bruno Khabarov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1960 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics">1964 Tokyo</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Kriss" title="Grigory Kriss">Grigory Kriss</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hoskyns" title="Bill Hoskyns">Henry Hoskyns</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Great Britain</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guram_Kostava" title="Guram Kostava">Guram Kostava</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Mexico City</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_Kulcs%C3%A1r" title="Győző Kulcsár">Győző Kulcsár</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1968 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Kriss" title="Grigory Kriss">Grigory Kriss</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281955-1980%29.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1968 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluigi_Saccaro" title="Gianluigi Saccaro">Gianluigi Saccaro</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 1968 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Munich</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csaba_Fenyvesi" title="Csaba Fenyvesi">Csaba Fenyvesi</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1972 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ladegaillerie" title="Jacques Ladegaillerie">Jacques Ladegaillerie</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1972 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_Kulcs%C3%A1r" title="Győző Kulcsár">Győző Kulcsár</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1972 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Montreal</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1976 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pusch" title="Alexander Pusch">Alexander Pusch</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="West Germany at the 1976 Summer Olympics">West Germany</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Hehn" title="Hans-Jürgen Hehn">Hans-Jürgen Hehn</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="West Germany at the 1976 Summer Olympics">West Germany</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_Kulcs%C3%A1r" title="Győző Kulcsár">Győző Kulcsár</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1976 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Harmenberg" title="Johan Harmenberg">Johan Harmenberg</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Sweden at the 1980 Summer Olympics">Sweden</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Kolczonay" title="Ernő Kolczonay">Ernő Kolczonay</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1980 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Riboud" title="Philippe Riboud">Philippe Riboud</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/23px-Olympic_flag.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1980 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Boisse" title="Philippe Boisse">Philippe Boisse</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1984 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rne_V%C3%A4gg%C3%B6" title="Björne Väggö">Björne Väggö</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Sweden at the 1984 Summer Olympics">Sweden</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Riboud" title="Philippe Riboud">Philippe Riboud</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1984 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Seoul</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnd_Schmitt" title="Arnd Schmitt">Arnd Schmitt</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="West Germany at the 1988 Summer Olympics">West Germany</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Riboud" title="Philippe Riboud">Philippe Riboud</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1988 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Chouvalov" title="Andrei Chouvalov">Andrei Chouvalov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Soviet Union at the 1988 Summer Olympics">Soviet Union</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Barcelona</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Srecki" title="Éric Srecki">Éric Srecki</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1992 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Kolobkov" title="Pavel Kolobkov">Pavel Kolobkov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg/23px-Olympic_flag.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics">Unified Team</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Henry" title="Jean-Michel Henry">Jean-Michel Henry</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 1992 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Atlanta</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Beketov" title="Aleksandr Beketov">Aleksandr Beketov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 1996 Summer Olympics">Russia</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Trevejo" title="Ivan Trevejo">Ivan Trevejo</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Cuba at the 1996 Summer Olympics">Cuba</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Imre" title="Géza Imre">Géza Imre</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 1996 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Sydney</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Kolobkov" title="Pavel Kolobkov">Pavel Kolobkov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Russia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_Obry" title="Hugues Obry">Hugues Obry</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 2000 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Sang-ki" title="Lee Sang-ki">Lee Sang-ki</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="South Korea at the 2000 Summer Olympics">South Korea</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Athens</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Fischer" title="Marcel Fischer">Marcel Fischer</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="15" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Switzerland at the 2004 Summer Olympics">Switzerland</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Lei_(fencing)" title="Wang Lei (fencing)">Wang Lei</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2004 Summer Olympics">China</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Kolobkov" title="Pavel Kolobkov">Pavel Kolobkov</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Russia at the 2004 Summer Olympics">Russia</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Beijing</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Tagliariol" title="Matteo Tagliariol">Matteo Tagliariol</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Italy at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice_Jeannet" title="Fabrice Jeannet">Fabrice Jeannet</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 2008 Summer Olympics">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Abajo" title="José Luis Abajo">José Luis Abajo</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="750" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Spain at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Spain</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012 London</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Limardo" title="Rubén Limardo">Rubén Limardo</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Venezuela at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Venezuela</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartosz_Piasecki" title="Bartosz Piasecki">Bartosz Piasecki</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1100" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="21" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Norway at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Norway</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Jin-sun" title="Jung Jin-sun">Jung Jin-sun</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="South Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics">South Korea</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Rio</a><br />
<span class="noprint" style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e" title="Fencing at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's épée">details</a></span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Sang-young" title="Park Sang-young">Park Sang-young</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="South Korea at the 2016 Summer Olympics">South Korea</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Imre" title="Géza Imre">Géza Imre</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Hungary at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Hungary</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauthier_Grumier" title="Gauthier Grumier">Gauthier Grumier</a><br />
<img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="France at the 2016 Summer Olympics">France</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_fencing_(men)<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Notice how it is a mostly European countries that win in fencing}.</span><br />
<br />
---------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>List of Olympic records in swimming</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_records_in_swimming</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter"><thead>
<tr><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="width: 13em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Event</th>
<th class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width: 5em;">Record</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="width: 18em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Name</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="width: 12em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Nation</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="width: 8em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Games</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="width: 10em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Date</th>
<th class="unsortable" scope="col"><br /></th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">50 m <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_(swimming)" title="Freestyle (swimming)">freestyle</a></span></td>
<td align="right">21.30 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cielo" title="César Cielo">César Cielo</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="504" data-file-width="720" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" title="Brazil" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Brazil at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Brazil</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(BRA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_metre_freestyle" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre freestyle">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>16 August 2008</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">100 m <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_(swimming)" title="Freestyle (swimming)">freestyle</a></span></td>
<td align="right">47.05 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamon_Sullivan" title="Eamon Sullivan">Eamon Sullivan</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="1280" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" title="Australia" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Australia at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Australia</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(AUS)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_freestyle" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>13 August 2008</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">200 m <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_(swimming)" title="Freestyle (swimming)">freestyle</a></span></td>
<td align="right">1:42.96 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metre_freestyle" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre freestyle">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>12 August 2008</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">400 m <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_(swimming)" title="Freestyle (swimming)">freestyle</a></span></td>
<td align="right">3:40.14 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yang" title="Sun Yang">Sun Yang</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" title="China" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2012 Summer Olympics">China</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(CHN)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle" title="Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre freestyle">2012 London</a></td>
<td>28 July 2012</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">1500 m <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_(swimming)" title="Freestyle (swimming)">freestyle</a></span></td>
<td align="right">♦14:31.02 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yang" title="Sun Yang">Sun Yang</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" title="China" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2012 Summer Olympics">China</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(CHN)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_1500_metre_freestyle" title="Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metre freestyle">2012 London</a></td>
<td>4 August 2012</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">100 m <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstroke" title="Backstroke">backstroke</a></span></td>
<td align="right">♦51.85 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(swimmer)" title="Ryan Murphy (swimmer)">Ryan Murphy</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay" title="Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>13 August 2016</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">200 m <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstroke" title="Backstroke">backstroke</a></span></td>
<td align="right">1:53.41 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Clary" title="Tyler Clary">Tyler Clary</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metre_backstroke" title="Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre backstroke">2012 London</a></td>
<td>2 August 2012</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">100 m <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaststroke" title="Breaststroke">breaststroke</a></span></td>
<td align="right">♦57.13 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Peaty" title="Adam Peaty">Adam Peaty</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" title="Great Britain" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Great Britain</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(GBR)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_breaststroke" title="Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>7 August 2016</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">200 m <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaststroke" title="Breaststroke">breaststroke</a></span></td>
<td align="right">2:07.22 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippei_Watanabe_(swimmer)" title="Ippei Watanabe (swimmer)">Ippei Watanabe</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" title="Japan" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Japan at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Japan</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(JPN)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metre_breaststroke" title="Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre breaststroke">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>9 August 2016</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">100 m <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_stroke" title="Butterfly stroke">butterfly</a></span></td>
<td align="right">50.39 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schooling" title="Joseph Schooling">Joseph Schooling</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="2880" data-file-width="4320" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" title="Singapore" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Singapore at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Singapore</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(SGP)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_butterfly" title="Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre butterfly">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>12 August 2016</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">200 m <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_stroke" title="Butterfly stroke">butterfly</a></span></td>
<td align="right">1:52.03 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metre_butterfly" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre butterfly">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>13 August 2008</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">200 m individual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_swimming" title="Medley swimming">medley</a></span></td>
<td align="right">1:54.23 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_200_metre_individual_medley" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre individual medley">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>15 August 2008</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">400 m individual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_swimming" title="Medley swimming">medley</a></span></td>
<td align="right">♦4:03.84 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a></span></span></th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_individual_medley" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metre individual medley">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>10 August 2008</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">4×100 m <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_(swimming)" title="Freestyle (swimming)">freestyle</a> relay</span></td>
<td align="right">♦3:08.24 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a></span></span> (47.51)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_Weber-Gale" title="Garrett Weber-Gale">Garrett Weber-Gale</a> (47.02)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_Jones" title="Cullen Jones">Cullen Jones</a> (47.65)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lezak" title="Jason Lezak">Jason Lezak</a> (46.06)</th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_freestyle_relay" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>11 August 2008</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">4×200 m <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_(swimming)" title="Freestyle (swimming)">freestyle</a> relay</span></td>
<td align="right">6:58.56 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a></span></span> (1:43.31)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Lochte" title="Ryan Lochte">Ryan Lochte</a> (1:44.28)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Berens" title="Ricky Berens">Ricky Berens</a> (1:46.29)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vanderkaay" title="Peter Vanderkaay">Peter Vanderkaay</a> (1:44.68)</th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_200_metre_freestyle_relay" title="Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>13 August 2008</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="sorttext">4×100 m <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_swimming" title="Medley swimming">medley</a> relay</span></td>
<td align="right">3:27.95 </td>
<th scope="row"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(swimmer)" title="Ryan Murphy (swimmer)">Ryan Murphy</a></span></span> (51.85)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Miller" title="Cody Miller">Cody Miller</a> (59.03)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a> (50.33)<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Adrian" title="Nathan Adrian">Nathan Adrian</a> (46.74)</th>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="United States at the 2016 Summer Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay" title="Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay">2016 Rio de Jainero</a></td>
<td>13 August 2016</td>
<td align="center"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Notice how it is mostly a white or Asian winning these events. Michael Phelps is mostly white and a little Jewish, and he was even smoking cannabis and breaking records in swimming, what an athlete}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
----------------------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Diving at the Summer Olympics</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_at_the_Summer_Olympics<br />
<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 United States (USA) 49 44 45 138<br />
2 China (CHN) 40 19 10 69<br />
3 Sweden (SWE) 6 8 7 21<br />
4 Russia (RUS) 4 8 6 18<br />
5 Soviet Union (URS) 4 4 6 14<br />
6 Italy (ITA) 3 5 3 11<br />
7 Australia (AUS) 3 3 7 13<br />
8 United Team of Germany (EUA) 3 1 0 4<br />
9 Germany (GER) 2 8 11 21<br />
10 East Germany (GDR) 2 2 3 7<br />
11 Mexico (MEX) 1 7 6 14<br />
12 Canada (CAN) 1 4 8 13<br />
13 Great Britain (GBR) 1 3 6 10<br />
14 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 1 0 2<br />
15 Denmark (DEN) 1 0 1 2<br />
16 Greece (GRE) 1 0 0 1<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Fastest Man in the World !</b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5V356k-9a8<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{It is a white guy, and he even appears to be disabled}.</b></span><br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>List of world records in speed skating</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_speed_skating<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Notice how it is mostly people of European descent and Asians winning speed skating records}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-----------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>254.958kph Speed Ski World Record 2016, Fastest non-motorised humans on the planet.</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QR9jZjsvGN4<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>X Games</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Games#Summer_X_Games<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Again, mostly people with European ancestry are winning in the X-games}.</b></span><br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Notice how many of the best skaters such as Tony Hawk, are mainly European descent. Look at all of the professional snowboarders and skiers that have European ancestry. Look at many of the really good wing suit videos and parachute stunts on the internet are done by many people with European ancestry}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Winter X Games XXI</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_X_Games_XXI<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{ Haha, not one African or Arabic country up there on the record board. You know what they have to say in return to stuff like this, they come out with some movie such as Cool Runnings}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Bobsleigh at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Germany (GER) 13 6 6 25<br />
2 Switzerland (SUI) 9 11 11 31<br />
3 United States (USA) 7 8 10 25<br />
4 East Germany (GDR) 5 5 3 13<br />
5 Canada (CAN) 5 2 2 9<br />
6 Italy (ITA) 4 4 4 12<br />
7 West Germany (FRG) 1 3 2 6<br />
8 Austria (AUT) 1 2 0 3<br />
9 Great Britain (GBR) 1 1 2 4<br />
10 Soviet Union (URS) 1 0 2 3<br />
11 Belgium (BEL) 0 1 1 2<br />
Latvia (LAT) 0 1 1 2<br />
Russia (RUS) 0 1 1 2<br />
14 South Korea (KOR) 0 1 0 1<br />
15 France (FRA) 0 0 1 1<br />
Romania (ROU) 0 0 1 1<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Luge at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
Medal table<br />
<br />
Updated after 2018 Winter Olympics.<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Germany (GER) 18 10 9 37<br />
2 East Germany (GDR) 13 8 8 29<br />
3 Italy (ITA) 7 4 6 17<br />
4 Austria (AUT) 6 8 8 22<br />
5 United Team of Germany (EUA) 2 2 1 5<br />
6 West Germany (FRG) 1 4 5 10<br />
7 Soviet Union (URS) 1 2 3 6<br />
8 United States (USA) 0 3 3 6<br />
9 Russia (RUS) 0 3 0 3<br />
10 Latvia (LAT) 0 1 3 4<br />
11 Canada (CAN) 0 1 1 2<br />
Total 48 46 47 141<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luge_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Biathlon World Cup</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Norway 2017-18<br />
Russia 2016-17<br />
Norway 2015-16<br />
Russia 2014-15<br />
Germany 2013-14<br />
Russia 2012-13<br />
France 2011-12<br />
Norway 2010-11<br />
Norway 2009-10<br />
Austria 2008-09<br />
Norway 2007-08<br />
Russia 2006-07<br />
Germany 2005-06<br />
Norway 2004-05<br />
Norway 2003-04<br />
Belarus 2002-03<br />
Norway 2001-02<br />
Norway 2000-01<br />
Norway 1999-00<br />
Germany 1998-99<br />
Norway - Germany 1997-98<br />
Germany 1996-97<br />
Russia 1995-96<br />
Russia 1994-95<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Americans and people of Europe are some of the better marksmen, and hold many records. Even some of the best snipers in the world are of European ancestry, and the snipers with the longest shots are Canadian and American}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Norway (NOR) 47 42 32 121<br />
2 Sweden (SWE) 31 25 24 80<br />
3 Soviet Union (URS) 25 22 21 68<br />
4 Finland (FIN) 21 25 34 80<br />
5 Russia (RUS) 14 10 9 33<br />
6 Italy (ITA) 9 13 13 35<br />
7 Estonia (EST) 4 2 1 7<br />
8 Switzerland (SUI) 4 0 4 8<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Austria (AUT) 37 41 43 121<br />
2 Switzerland (SUI) 22 22 22 66<br />
3 United States (USA) 17 20 10 47<br />
4 France (FRA) 15 16 17 48<br />
5 Italy (ITA) 14 9 9 32<br />
6 Germany (GER) ^ 12 7 7 26<br />
7 Norway (NOR) 11 13 12 36<br />
8 Sweden (SWE) 7 2 9 18<br />
9 Croatia (CRO) 4 6 0 10<br />
10 Canada (CAN) 4 1 6 11<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Norway (NOR) 13 10 8 31<br />
2 Germany (GER) 5 5 4 14<br />
3 Finland (FIN) 4 8 2 14<br />
4 Austria (AUT) 3 2 10 15<br />
5 East Germany (GDR) 3 0 4 7<br />
6 Japan (JPN) 2 3 0 5<br />
7 France (FRA) 2 1 1 4<br />
8 West Germany (FRG) 2 1 0 3<br />
9 United States (USA) 1 3 0 4<br />
10 Switzerland (SUI) 1 2 1 4<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Speed skating at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Netherlands (NED) 42 40 39 121<br />
2 United States (USA) 29 22 17 68<br />
3 Norway (NOR) 27 29 28 84<br />
4 Soviet Union (URS) 24 17 19 60<br />
5 Germany (GER) 13 15 10 38<br />
6 Canada (CAN) 9 13 15 37<br />
7 East Germany (GDR) 8 12 9 29<br />
8 Finland (FIN) 7 8 9 24<br />
9 Sweden (SWE) 7 4 5 16<br />
10 South Korea (KOR) 5 8 3 16<br />
11 Japan (JPN) 4 7 10 21<br />
12 Russia (RUS) 3 5 5 13<br />
13 Czech Republic (CZE) 3 2 2 7<br />
14 West Germany (FRG) 3 0 0 3<br />
15 Italy (ITA) 2 0 2 4<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Shooting at the Summer Olympics</h1>
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 United States (USA) 54 29 27 110<br />
2 China (CHN) 22 15 19 56<br />
3 Soviet Union (URS) 17 15 17 49<br />
4 Italy (ITA) 16 15 11 42<br />
5 Sweden (SWE) 15 24 18 57<br />
6 Great Britain (GBR) 13 15 18 46<br />
7 Norway (NOR) 13 8 11 32<br />
8 Germany (GER) 10 9 5 24<br />
9 France (FRA) 9 14 10 33<br />
10 Russia (RUS) 7 13 11 31<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_Summer_Olympics<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{I've seen it with my own eyes too many times, people of European descent and of</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Oriental descent are very formidable when it comes to target sports, and are some of the best when it comes to shooting and target practice. The Oriental people claimed to even have invented gunpowder. Notice how Western and Oriental nations could both overthrow African and Middle Eastern nations if they wanted to in a war, and that both western nations and Oriental Nations have the highest IQ average as well. Western nations alone could defeat all of Africa and the Middle East, without the help of anyone else}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: large;">Why Arabs Lose Wars</span></h1>
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZk4Yu42g0I<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> <b>Why Arabs Lose Wars (American Diplomacy)</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_17/articles/deatkine_arabs1.html<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: large;">Why Arabs Lose Wars</span></h1>
<br />
http://gibiru.com/?cx=partner-pub-5956360965567042%3A8627692578&cof=FORID%3A11&ie=UTF-8&q=why+arabs+lose+wars&sa=Anon+Web+Search<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Archery at the Summer Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Olympics<br />
<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 South Korea (KOR) 23 9 7 39<br />
2 United States (USA) 14 11 9 34<br />
3 Belgium (BEL) 11 6 3 20<br />
4 France (FRA) 6 11 7 24<br />
5 Great Britain (GBR) 2 2 5 9<br />
6 Italy (ITA) 2 2 3 7<br />
7 China (CHN) 1 6 2 9<br />
8 Soviet Union (URS) 1 3 3 7<br />
9 Finland (FIN) 1 1 2 4<br />
Ukraine (UKR) 1 1 2 4<br />
11 Australia (AUS) 1 0 2 3<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Look at this, the South Koreans do the best at archery in the Olympics, they also hold a gold medal in fencing ( <span class="mw-headline" id="Épée,_individual" style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Épée">Épée</a>, individual). Being a Korean is being like an archer class. Europeans also have very good archers}.</span></span><br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists</span></h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Table_Tennis_Championships_medalists<br />
<br />
<b> <span style="color: #38761d;"> </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{It is mostly Orientals and Europeans winning the World Table Tennis Championships}.</span></b><br />
<br />
------------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 South Korea (KOR) 24 13 11 48<br />
2 China (CHN) 10 15 8 33<br />
3 Canada (CAN) 9 12 12 33<br />
4 United States (USA) 4 7 9 20<br />
5 Russia (RUS) 3 1 1 5<br />
6 Italy (ITA) 2 4 5 11<br />
7 Netherlands (NED) 1 2 2 5<br />
8 Japan (JPN) 1 0 2 3<br />
9 Australia (AUS) 1 0 1 2<br />
10 Hungary (HUN) 1 0 0 1<br />
11 Bulgaria (BUL) 0 2 1 3<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">Conte says coverup protected big stars at Seoul Games</span></h1>
<br />
<h3>
Explosive allegations</h3>
Indeed, sports governing bodies are not immune to coverups, corruption and other scandals.<br />
Conte
said he believes a coverup “all the way to the top” involved track and
Olympic officials at the 1988 Seoul Games. He said sprinter Florence
Griffith Joyner, heptathlete/long jumper Jackie Joyner-Kersee and
400-meter hurdler Andre Phillips — three marquee gold medalists — all
tested positive for PEDs in the South Korean capital, and “they were all
covered up.”<br />
“And if you noticed what happened
thereafter was that here at (28) years old Flo-Jo was at the height of
her economic earning potential and all of a sudden she retires,” said
Conte, looking back on the immediate aftermath of Griffith Joyner’s
three-gold, one-silver medal haul in Seoul. “And Jackie Joyner also
retires, (though) she did come back in 1992, four years later. . .”<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2015/08/11/more-sports/conte-says-coverup-protected-big-stars-seoul-games/#.WtGkYpdlDIU<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h1 class="nhqI9FeZjriaympPDu4K4">
<span style="font-size: large;">
Japanese skater Kei Saito banned from PyeongChang Olympics for alleged doping</span></h1>
<br />
Feb 2018<br />
<br />
https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/winter-olympics-2018/first-athlete-banned-pyeongchang-olympics-alleged-doping-n847446<br />
<br />
-------------- <br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">Systematic doping of Chinese athletes in Olympic Games revealed by former doctor</span></h1>
<div class="intro">
<br /></div>
<div class="intro">
A former doctor has revealed the massive extent of
doping of Chinese Olympic athletes during the 1980s and 1990s. The
whistleblower has claimed <span style="color: #cc0000;"><b>more than 10,000 athletes were doped</b></span> in the
state-backed program. </div>
<div class="intro">
<br /></div>
<div class="intro">
http://www.dw.com/en/systematic-doping-of-chinese-athletes-in-olympic-games-revealed-by-former-doctor/a-41065227 </div>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{It's over 9,000!!!}</span></b><br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{One thing I will also give to Orientals, is that even some of them are small, some have held the record in weightlifting for smaller framed people in light weight classes. European people still hold most of the weightlifting records on average, mainly in maximun weight records in a category for weightlifting. There are some people in the Middle East that also do fairly well for lifting in their weight class, and have different records as well}.</span></b><br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="asset-headline speakable-headline">
<span style="font-size: large;">Russia, Iran to lose Olympic weightlifting spots for doping</span></h1>
<br />
April 13, 2018<br />
<br />
BUDAPEST, Hungary (AP) — Russia and Iran are among several nations who
will lose places in the next Olympic weightlifting competition because
of years of doping.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2018/04/13/russia-iran-to-lose-olympic-weightlifting-spots-for-doping/33795305/ <br />
<br />
<br />
------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="detailHeadline">
<span style="font-size: large;">31 Turkish athletes suspended for doping</span></h1>
<h2 class="deck">
<span style="font-size: small;">Track and field athletes banned for 2 years</span></h2>
<br />
http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/trackandfield/31-turkish-athletes-suspended-for-doping-1.1379647<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{There are many Turkish weightlifters that are on steroids}. </span><br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
List of Olympic records in weightlifting</h1>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men's_records" style="font-size: small;">Men's records</span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men's_records" style="font-size: small;"> </span></h2>
<i>♦ denotes a performance that is also a current <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_Olympic_weightlifting" title="List of world records in Olympic weightlifting">world record</a>. Statistics are correct as of 9 September 2017.</i><br />
<table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; width: 85%;"><tbody>
<tr>
<th width="9%">Event</th>
<th width="7%">Record</th>
<th width="18%">Athlete</th>
<th width="13%">Nation</th>
<th width="13%">Games</th>
<th width="13%">Date</th>
<th width="5%"><br /></th>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD">
<th colspan="7">56 kg</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Snatch</td>
<td align="center">138 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_Mutlu" title="Halil Mutlu">Halil Mutlu</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Turkey at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Turkey</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_56_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 56 kg">2000 Sydney</a></td>
<td>16 September 2000</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean & Jerk</td>
<td align="center">170 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Qingquan" title="Long Qingquan">Long Qingquan</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2016 Summer Olympics">China</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_56_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 56 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>7 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td align="center">♦307 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Qingquan" title="Long Qingquan">Long Qingquan</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2016 Summer Olympics">China</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_56_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 56 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>7 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD">
<th colspan="7">62 kg</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Snatch</td>
<td align="center">153 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Un-guk" title="Kim Un-guk">Kim Un-guk</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1600" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="North Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics">North Korea</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_62_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 62 kg">2012 London</a></td>
<td>30 July 2012</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean & Jerk</td>
<td align="center">177 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar_Figueroa_(weightlifter)" title="Óscar Figueroa (weightlifter)">Óscar Figueroa</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Colombia at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Colombia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_62_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 62 kg">2012 London</a></td>
<td>30 July 2012</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td align="center">327 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Un-guk" title="Kim Un-guk">Kim Un-guk</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1600" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="North Korea at the 2012 Summer Olympics">North Korea</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_62_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 62 kg">2012 London</a></td>
<td>30 July 2012</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD">
<th colspan="7">69 kg</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Snatch</td>
<td align="center">165 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Markov_(weightlifter)" title="Georgi Markov (weightlifter)">Georgi Markov</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Bulgaria at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Bulgaria</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_69_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 69 kg">2000 Sydney</a></td>
<td>20 September 2000</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean & Jerk</td>
<td align="center">196 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galabin_Boevski" title="Galabin Boevski">Galabin Boevski</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Bulgaria at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Bulgaria</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_69_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 69 kg">2000 Sydney</a></td>
<td>20 September 2000</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td align="center">357 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galabin_Boevski" title="Galabin Boevski">Galabin Boevski</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Bulgaria at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Bulgaria</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_69_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 69 kg">2000 Sydney</a></td>
<td>20 September 2000</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD">
<th colspan="7">77 kg</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Snatch</td>
<td align="center">♦177 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Xiaojun" title="Lü Xiaojun">Lü Xiaojun</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2016 Summer Olympics">China</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_77_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 77 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>10 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean & Jerk</td>
<td align="center">♦214 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijat_Rahimov" title="Nijat Rahimov">Nijat Rahimov</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Kazakhstan at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Kazakhstan</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_77_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 77 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>10 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td align="center">379 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Xiaojun" title="Lü Xiaojun">Lü Xiaojun</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2012 Summer Olympics">China</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_77_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 77 kg">2012 London</a></td>
<td>1 August 2012</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD">
<th colspan="7">85 kg</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Snatch</td>
<td align="center">180 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgi_Asanidze" title="Giorgi Asanidze">Giorgi Asanidze</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1500" data-file-width="2500" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Georgia at the 2000 Summer Olympics">Georgia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_85_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 85 kg">2000 Sydney</a></td>
<td>23 September 2000</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean & Jerk</td>
<td align="center">217 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Tao" title="Tian Tao">Tian Tao</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="China at the 2016 Summer Olympics">China</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_85_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 85 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>12 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td align="center">♦396 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kianoush_Rostami" title="Kianoush Rostami">Kianoush Rostami</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="630" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="22" /> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Iran</span></b></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_85_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 85 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>12 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD">
<th colspan="7">94 kg</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Snatch</td>
<td align="center">187 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourosh_Bagheri" title="Kourosh Bagheri">Kourosh Bagheri</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="630" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="22" /> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Iran</span></b></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_94_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg">2000 Sydney</a></td>
<td>24 September 2000</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean & Jerk</td>
<td align="center">224 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szymon_Ko%C5%82ecki" title="Szymon Kołecki">Szymon Kołecki</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Poland at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Poland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_94_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>17 August 2008</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td align="center">407 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milen_Dobrev" title="Milen Dobrev">Milen Dobrev</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Bulgaria at the 2004 Summer Olympics">Bulgaria</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_94_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg">2004 Athens</a></td>
<td>23 August 2004</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD">
<th colspan="7">105 kg</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Snatch</td>
<td align="center">♦200 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Aramnau" title="Andrei Aramnau">Andrei Aramnau</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Belarus_%281995-2012%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281995-2012%29.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Belarus at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Belarus</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_105_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 105 kg">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>18 August 2008</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean & Jerk</td>
<td align="center">237 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Nurudinov" title="Ruslan Nurudinov">Ruslan Nurudinov</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="250" data-file-width="500" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Uzbekistan at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Uzbekistan</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_105_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 105 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>15 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td align="center">436 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Aramnau" title="Andrei Aramnau">Andrei Aramnau</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Belarus_%281995-2012%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281995-2012%29.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Belarus at the 2008 Summer Olympics">Belarus</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_105_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 105 kg">2008 Beijing</a></td>
<td>18 August 2008</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#DDDDDD">
<th colspan="7">+105 kg</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Snatch</td>
<td align="center">216 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behdad_Salimi" title="Behdad Salimi">Behdad Salimi</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="630" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="22" /> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Iran</span></b></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_105_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 105 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>16 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Clean & Jerk</td>
<td align="center">♦263 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Rezazadeh" title="Hossein Rezazadeh">Hossein Rezazadeh</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="630" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="22" /> <b><span style="color: #cc0000;">Iran</span></b></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%2B105_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's +105 kg">2004 Athens</a></td>
<td>25 August 2004</td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Total</td>
<td align="center">♦473 kg</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasha_Talakhadze" title="Lasha Talakhadze">Lasha Talakhadze</a></td>
<td><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Georgia at the 2016 Summer Olympics">Georgia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%2B105_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's +105 kg">2016 Rio de Janeiro</a></td>
<td>16 August 2016</td>
<td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_records_in_weightlifting<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{The thing with Olympic records in weightlifting, is that they are often not the world record though. There are several records that beat many of the records in Olympic weightlifting, many of course will question if some of these people are on steroids as well. The Olympics get very political as well, and many people do not qualify for the Oplympics if they get too political as well, just as in many other types of professional venues and competitions such as the NFL and NBA. It also gets expensive for an individual to travel halfway across the world, to attempt to compete in an event. Many people also have families and career opportunities to make millions of dollars a year, many simply do not want to have to move to another state to go train under an Olypmic style environment and risk losing their job in another state}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"></span><br />
---------- <br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_Summer_Olympics<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Medal table<br />
<br />
As of the 2016 Summer Olympics<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">1 Soviet Union (URS)</span> 39 21 2 62<br />
<span style="color: #cc0000;">2 China (CHN)</span> 31 15 8 54<br />
3 United States (USA) 16 16 12 44<br />
4 Bulgaria (BUL) 12 17 8 37<br />
5 France (FRA) 9 3 3 15<br />
6 <span style="color: #cc0000;">Iran (IRI</span><span style="color: #cc0000;">) </span> 8 6 5 19<br />
7 Turkey (TUR) 8 1 2 11<br />
8 Germany (GER) 6 7 7 20<br />
9 Poland (POL) 6 5 23 34<br />
10 Greece (GRE) 6 5 4 15<br />
11 North Korea (PRK) 5 7 5 17<br />
12 Italy (ITA) 5 4 5 14<br />
13 Unified Team (EUN) 5 4 0 9<br />
14 Thailand (THA) 5 2 5 12<br />
15 Egypt (EGY) 5 2 4 11<br />
16 Russia (RUS) 3 8 7 18<br />
17 South Korea (KOR) 3 4 5 12<br />
18 Austria (AUT) 3 4 2 9<br />
19 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 3 2 3 8<br />
20 Ukraine (UKR) 3 1 1 5<br />
21 Hungary (HUN) 2 9 9 20<br />
22 Romania (ROU) 2 7 4 13<br />
23 Japan (JPN) 2 3 9 14<br />
24 West Germany (FRG) 2 2 3 7<br />
25 Colombia (COL) 2 2 2 6<br />
26 Cuba (CUB) 2 1 2 5<br />
27 Georgia (GEO) 2 0 2 4<br />
28 East Germany (GDR) 1 4 6 11<br />
29 Belarus (BLR) 1 4 3 8<br />
Kazakhstan (KAZ) 1 4 3 8<br />
31 Estonia (EST) 1 3 3 7<br />
Great Britain (GBR) 1 3 3 7<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h3 class="clk" style="white-space: nowrap;">
China: 3 Olympic Weightlifters Fail Drugs Test From 2008</h3>
<br />
http://time.com/4465661/china-olympics-weightlifting-doping/<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Doping at the Olympic Games</span></h1>
<br />
This article is about the history of competitors at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> using banned <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergogenic_aid" title="Ergogenic aid">athletic performance-enhancing drugs</a><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_at_the_Olympic_Games<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">WADA report implicates IAAF role in allowing Russian doping</span></h1>
<br />
http://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/14569049/world-anti-doping-agency-report-implicates-iaaf-role-allowing-russian-doping<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 United States (USA) 14 7 10 31<br />
2 Switzerland (SUI) 8 2 3 13<br />
3 France (FRA) 4 4 4 12<br />
4 Canada (CAN) 4 4 3 11<br />
5 Russia (RUS) 2 2 1 5<br />
6 Austria (AUT) 2 1 4 7<br />
7 Czech Republic (CZE) 2 0 1 3<br />
8 Germany (GER) 1 4 2 7<br />
9 Australia (AUS) 1 2 1 4<br />
10 Italy (ITA) 1 1 1 3<br />
11 Netherlands (NED) 1 0 0 1<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ice hockey at the Olympic Games</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Canada (CAN) 9 4 3 16<br />
2 Soviet Union (URS) 7 1 1 9<br />
3 United States (USA) 2 8 1 11<br />
4 Sweden (SWE) 2 3 4 9<br />
5 Czech Republic (CZE) 1 0 1 2<br />
Great Britain (GBR) 1 0 1 2<br />
7 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) 1 0 0 1<br />
Unified Team (EUN) 1 0 0 1<br />
9 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 0 4 4 8<br />
10 Finland (FIN) 0 2 4 6<br />
11 Germany (GER) 0 1 1 2<br />
Russia (RUS) 0 1 1 2<br />
13 Switzerland (SUI) 0 0 2 2<br />
14 West Germany (FRG) 0 0 1 1<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_Olympic_Games<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ski jumping at the Winter Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Norway (NOR) 11 10 14 35<br />
2 Finland (FIN) 10 8 4 22<br />
3 Austria (AUT) 6 9 10 25<br />
4 Germany (GER) 6 6 1 13<br />
5 Poland (POL) 4 3 2 9<br />
6 Switzerland (SUI) 4 1 0 5<br />
7 Japan (JPN) 3 5 4 12<br />
8 East Germany (GDR) 2 3 2 7<br />
9 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 2 4 7<br />
10 United Team of Germany (EUA) 1 0 1 2<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_Winter_Olympics<br />
<br />
<br />
------- <br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Winter Olympic Games</span></h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games<br />
<br />
<br />
Ten most successful nations<br />
Main article: All-time Olympic Games medal table<br />
<br />
The table below uses official data provided by the IOC.<br />
<br />
No. Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #7f6000;">1 Norway (NOR) 23 132 125 111 368</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #666666;">2 United States (USA) 23 105 110 90 305</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #b45f06;">3 Germany (GER) 12 92 86 60 238</span></b><br />
4 Austria (AUT) 23 64 81 87 232<br />
5 Canada (CAN) 23 73 64 62 199<br />
6 Soviet Union (URS) 9 78 57 59 194<br />
7 Finland (FIN) 23 43 63 61 167<br />
8 Sweden (SWE) 23 57 46 55 158<br />
9 Switzerland (SUI) 23 55 46 52 153<br />
10 Netherlands (NED) 21 45 44 41 130<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{You will notice that Norwegian people on average, are some of the biggest, tallest and most athletic people in the world}.</span></b><br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Summer Olympic Games</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games <br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ten_most_successful_nations">Ten most successful nations</span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ten_most_successful_nations">#1: America<br />#2: Soviet Union<br />#3: Great Britain<br />#4: China<br />#5: France<br />#6: Italy<br />#7: Germany<br />#8: Hungary<br />#9: East Germany<br />#10: Russia</span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ten_most_successful_nations">H</span>ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games</span></span></h2>
<br />
<br />
-------------------- <br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Cycling at the Summer Olympics</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 France (FRA) 41 27 23 91<br />
2 Italy (ITA) 33 16 10 59<br />
3 Great Britain (GBR) 32 30 25 87<br />
4 Netherlands (NED) 18 19 12 49<br />
5 United States (USA) 16 21 18 55<br />
6 Australia (AUS) 14 19 18 51<br />
7 Germany (GER) 14 14 16 44<br />
8 Soviet Union (URS) 11 4 9 24<br />
9 Denmark (DEN) 7 9 10 26<br />
10 Belgium (BEL) 7 7 11 25<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_Summer_Olympics<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Triathlon at the Summer Olympics</h1>
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Medal_table">Medal table</span></h2>
Thirteen nations have split the thirty medals awarded in the triathlon events.<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter" style="text-align: center;"><thead>
<tr>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Rank</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Nation</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="background-color: gold; width: 6em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Gold</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="background-color: silver; width: 6em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Silver</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="background-color: #cc9966; width: 6em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Bronze</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" scope="col" style="width: 6em;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Total</th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">1</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" title="Great Britain" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_Olympics" title="Great Britain at the Olympics">Great Britain</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(GBR)</span></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" height="20" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" title="Switzerland" width="20" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_at_the_Olympics" title="Switzerland at the Olympics">Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(SUI)</span></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="1280" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" title="Australia" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_at_the_Olympics" title="Australia at the Olympics">Australia</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(AUS)</span></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/22px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" title="New Zealand" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics" title="New Zealand at the Olympics">New Zealand</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(NZL)</span></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">5</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="1000" height="11" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" title="Canada" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_Olympics" title="Canada at the Olympics">Canada</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(CAN)</span></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" title="Germany" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="Germany at the Olympics">Germany</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(GER)</span></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" title="United States" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Olympics" title="United States at the Olympics">United States</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(USA)</span></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" title="Austria" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_at_the_Olympics" title="Austria at the Olympics">Austria</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(AUT)</span></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">9</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="600" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" title="Portugal" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_at_the_Olympics" title="Portugal at the Olympics">Portugal</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(POR)</span></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="750" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" title="Spain" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_Olympics" title="Spain at the Olympics">Spain</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(ESP)</span></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" title="Sweden" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_Olympics" title="Sweden at the Olympics">Sweden</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(SWE)</span></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="3">12</td>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" title="Czech Republic" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_at_the_Olympics" title="Czech Republic at the Olympics">Czech Republic</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(CZE)</span></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" title="South Africa" width="22" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_at_the_Olympics" title="South Africa at the Olympics">South Africa</a> <span style="font-size: 90%;">(RSA)</span></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
</tbody><tfoot>
<tr class="sortbottom">
<th colspan="2">Total</th>
<th>10</th>
<th>10</th>
<th>10</th>
<th>30</th></tr>
</tfoot></table>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_Summer_Olympics<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>History Maker: Fastest Bicycle Rider in the World</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Outside of the Worchester (Mass) Public Library stands a bronze two-sided monument honoring an African-American man who blazed the trail in cycling.  Born in Indiana in 1878, Marshall “Major†Taylor was coined the fastest bicycle rider in the world, setting seven world records according to the Major Taylor Association. Taylor won the World 1-mile Cycling Championship in Montreal in 1899 and in 1900 he returned to the U.S. and became the American sprint champion.<br />
<br />
http://www.blackenterprise.com/history-maker-fastest-bicycle-rider-world/<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Sure he might have set records in the 1800s, but many people have beaten these old records, we can see a lot of newer technology in bicycles as well}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Strongman World Records</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
http://theworldsstrongestman.com/strongman-world-records/<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">(It is mostly Europeans that win the strongman competitions).</span><br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Lumberjack World Championship</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberjack_World_Championship<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Official Strongman</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.officialstrongman.com/<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Armwrestling Archives</b></span><br />
<br />
The Top 30 Pullers of the 1990s (Men)<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Top 3 armwrestlers in the 1990s were white, with the majority being white, and a few blacks up there as well, this is the same with the 1980s and 1970s armwrestling archives}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
The Armwrestling Archives<br />
The Top 25 Pullers of the 1980s (Men)<br />
<br />
<br />
The Armwrestling Archives<br />
The Top 25 Pullers of the 1970s (Men)<br />
<br />
https://www.thearmwrestlingarchives.com/top-25-pullers-of-the-1970s-men.html<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Overhead Press World Records</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://recordsetter.com/overhead-press-world-records<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Men's shot put world record progression</b></span><br />
<br />
World record progression<br />
<br />
Mark Athlete Date Location<br />
<br />
15.54 m Ralph Rose (USA) 21 August 1909 San Francisco, U.S.<br />
15.79 m Emil Hirschfeld (GER) 6 May 1928 Breslau, Germany<br />
15.87 m John Kuck (USA) 29 June 1928 Amsterdam, Netherlands<br />
16.04 m Emil Hirschfeld (GER) 26 August 1928 Bochum, Germany<br />
16.04 m František Douda (TCH) 4 October 1931 Brno, Czechoslovakia<br />
16.05 m Zygmunt Heljasz (POL) 29 June 1932 Poznań, Poland<br />
16.16 m Leo Sexton (USA) 27 August 1932 Freeport, U.S.<br />
16.20 m František Douda (TCH) 24 September 1932 Prague, Czechoslovakia<br />
16.48 m John Lyman (USA) 21 April 1934 Palo Alto, U.S.<br />
16.80 m Jack Torrance (USA) 27 April 1934 Des Moines, U.S.<br />
16.89 m Jack Torrance (USA) 30 June 1934 Milwaukee, U.S.<br />
17.40 m Jack Torrance (USA) 5 August 1934 Oslo, Norway<br />
17.68 m Charlie Fonville (USA) 17 April 1948 Lawrence, U.S.<br />
17.79 m Jim Fuchs (USA) 28 July 1949 Oslo, Norway<br />
17.82 m Jim Fuchs (USA) 29 April 1950 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
17.90 m Jim Fuchs (USA) 20 August 1950 Visby, Sweden<br />
17.95 m Jim Fuchs (USA) 22 August 1950 Eskilstuna, Sweden<br />
18.00 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 9 May 1953 Fresno, U.S.<br />
18.04 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 5 June 1953 Compton, U.S.<br />
18.42 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 8 May 1954 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
18.43 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 21 May 1954 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
18.54 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 11 June 1954 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
18.62 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 5 May 1956 Salt Lake City, U.S.<br />
18.69 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 15 June 1956 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
19.06 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 3 September 1956 Eugene, U.S.<br />
19.25 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 1 November 1956 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
19.25 m Dallas Long (USA) 28 March 1959 Santa Barbara, U.S.<br />
19.30 m Parry O'Brien (USA) 1 August 1959 Albuquerque, U.S.<br />
19.38 m Dallas Long (USA) 5 March 1960 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
19.45 m Bill Nieder (USA) 19 March 1960 Palo Alto, U.S.<br />
19.67 m Dallas Long (USA) 26 March 1960 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
19.99 m Bill Nieder (USA) 2 April 1960 Austin, U.S.<br />
20.06 m Bill Nieder (USA) 12 August 1960 Walnut, U.S.<br />
20.08 m Dallas Long (USA) 18 May 1962 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
20.10 m Dallas Long (USA) 4 April 1964 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
20.20 m Dallas Long (USA) 29 May 1964 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
20.68 m Dallas Long (USA) 25 July 1964 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
21.52 m Randy Matson (USA) 8 May 1965 College Station, U.S.<br />
21.78 m Randy Matson (USA) 23 April 1967 College Station<br />
21.82 m Al Feuerbach (USA) 5 May 1973 San Jose, U.S.<br />
21.85 m Terry Albritton (USA) 21 February 1976 Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.<br />
22.00 m Aleksandr Baryshnikov (URS) 10 June 1976 Paris, France<br />
22.15 m Udo Beyer (GDR) 6 July 1978 Gothenburg, Sweden<br />
22.22 m Udo Beyer (GDR) 25 June 1983 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
22.62 m Ulf Timmermann (GDR) 22 September 1985 Berlin, Germany<br />
22.64 m Udo Beyer (GDR) 20 August 1986 Berlin, Germany<br />
22.72 m Alessandro Andrei (ITA) 12 August 1987 Viareggio, Italy<br />
22.84 m Alessandro Andrei (ITA) 12 August 1987 Viareggio, Italy<br />
22.91 m Alessandro Andrei (ITA) 12 August 1987 Viareggio, Italy<br />
23.06 m Ulf Timmermann (GDR) 22 May 1988 Chania, Greece<br />
23.12 m Randy Barnes (USA) 20 May 1990 Los Angeles, U.S.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_shot_put_world_record_progression<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{You have to be a real highlander to win in an event such as this}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Hammer throw</h1>
<br />
Rank Mark Athlete Location Date Ref<br />
<br />
1 86.74 m (284 ft 63⁄4 in) Yuriy Sedykh (SUN) Stuttgart 30 August 1986 <br />
2 86.04 m (282 ft 31⁄4 in) Sergey Litvinov (SUN) Dresden 3 July 1986 <br />
3 84.90 m (278 ft 61⁄2 in) Vadim Devyatovskiy (BLR) Minsk 21 July 2005 <br />
4 84.86 m (278 ft 43⁄4 in) Koji Murofushi (JPN) Prague 29 June 2003 <br />
5 84.62 m (277 ft 71⁄4 in) Igor Astapkovich (BLR) Seville 6 June 1992<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_throw<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Longest Backhand Flight Distance (Men’s)</b><br />
<br />
David Wiggins Jr.<br />
<br />
https://www.bestdiscgolfdiscs.com/current-world-record-holding-disc-golf-discs/<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Men's discus throw world record progression</b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_discus_throw_world_record_progression<br />
<br />
{Europeans have been throwing the discus since around the times of Ancient Greece.}<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{</span><span style="color: #38761d;">Now
let us pause for a minute and see the great accomplishments that our
ancestors have set. We can see that Europeans are some of the top athletes in the world.</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Now we can see with trying to genetically modify
humans and newly introduced chemicals, that many think the humans of
the future will be able to beat many of these current records with enhanced technology. We can
see the amount of people trying to use steroids and drug enhancing
chemicals in professional sports, where many question what kinds of
steroids will be available in the next thousands of years. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Many people question what the future humans will be able to accomplish with genetics, training, technology and medicine. Many people say that are trying to genetically modify what they consider the perfect human. They
want humans that could even bring up the internet in their brain, where
you could use a cellphone even installed into your body}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------ <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Men's javelin throw world record progression</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Record progression<br />
<br />
Mark Athlete Date Location<br />
<br />
62.32 Eric Lemming (SWE) 29 September 1912 Stockholm, Sweden<br />
66.10 Jonni Myyrä (FIN) 25 August 1919 Stockholm, Sweden<br />
66.62 Gunnar Lindström (SWE) 12 October 1924 Eksjö, Sweden<br />
69.88 Eino Penttilä (FIN) 8 October 1927 Viipuri, Finland<br />
71.01 Erik Lundqvist (SWE) 15 August 1928 Stockholm, Sweden<br />
71.57 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 8 August 1930 Viipuri, Finland<br />
71.70 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 17 August 1930 Tampere, Finland<br />
71.88 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 31 August 1930 Vaasa, Finland<br />
72.93 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 14 September 1930 Viipuri, Finland<br />
74.02 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 27 June 1932 Turku, Finland<br />
74.28 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 25 May 1933 Mikkeli, Finland<br />
74.61 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 7 June 1933 Vaasa, Finland<br />
76.10 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 15 June 1933 Helsinki, Finland<br />
76.66 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 7 September 1934[1] Turin, Italy<br />
77.23 Matti Järvinen (FIN) 18 June 1936 Helsinki, Finland<br />
77.87 Yrjö Nikkanen (FIN) 25 August 1938 Karhula, Finland<br />
78.70 Yrjö Nikkanen (FIN) 16 October 1938 Kotka, Finland<br />
80.41 Bud Held (USA) 8 August 1953 Pasadena, CA, United States<br />
81.75 Bud Held (USA) 21 May 1955 Modesto, CA, United States<br />
83.56 Soini Nikkinen (FIN) 24 June 1956 Kuhmoinen, Finland<br />
83.66 Janusz Sidło (POL) 30 June 1956 Milan, Italy<br />
85.71 Egil Danielsen (NOR) 26 November 1956 Melbourne<br />
86.04 Albert Cantello (USA) 5 June 1959 Compton, CA, United States<br />
86.74 Carlo Lievore (ITA) 1 June 1961 Milan, Italy<br />
87.12 Terje Pedersen (NOR) 1 July 1964 Oslo, Norway<br />
91.72 Terje Pedersen (NOR) 2 September 1964 Oslo, Norway<br />
91.98 Jānis Lūsis (URS) 23 June 1968 Saarijärvi, Finland<br />
92.70 Jorma Kinnunen (FIN) 18 June 1969 Tampere, Finland<br />
93.80 Jānis Lūsis (URS) 6 July 1972 Stockholm, Sweden<br />
94.08 Klaus Wolfermann (FRG) 5 May 1973 Leverkusen, West Germany<br />
94.58 Miklós Németh (HUN) 25 July 1976 Montreal, Canada<br />
96.72 Ferenc Paragi (HUN) 23 April 1980 Tata, Hungary<br />
99.72 Tom Petranoff (USA) 15 May 1983 Los Angeles, United States<br />
104.80 Uwe Hohn (GDR) 20 July 1984 East Berlin, East Germany<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_javelin_throw_world_record_progression<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{It is mostly all people of European descent winning in this event.}</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Major league lacrosse (Record Book)</b><br />
<br />
https://www.majorleaguelacrosse.com/articles/record-book<br />
<br />
-----------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Category: Rugby union records and statistics</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_records_and_statistics<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">(Again, European countries are running circles around African and Arabic countries in Rugby and Soccer).</span></b><br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>FIFA World Cup </b></span><br />
<br />
(Championship Map)<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Results" style="font-size: small;">Results</span></h2>
<div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note">
1930 Uruguay<br />
1934 Italy<br />
1938 Italy<br />
1950 Uruguay<br />
1954 West Germany<br />
1958 Brazil<br />
1962 Brazil<br />
1966 England<br />
1970 England<br />
1974 West Germany<br />
1978 Argentina<br />
1982 Italy<br />
1986 Argentina<br />
1990 West Germany<br />
1994 Brazil<br />
1998 France<br />
2002 Brazil<br />
2006 Italy<br />
2010 Spain<br />
<b><span style="color: #7f6000;">2014 Germany</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>List of sumo tournament top division champions</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sumo_tournament_top_division_champions<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{The Japanese are good at Sumo wrestling, Europeans will win the championships as well. The Japanese are also very good at baseball, skiing, including different winter Olympic events and gaming}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>2017 US SUMO OPEN - 17th Annual | USA SUMO</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Men's Openweight:<br />
<br />
<div class="accordion-content clearfix default-closed" style="display: block;">
<div class="mobile-full clearfix" style="float: left; width: 55%;">
<b>1st: Takeshi Amitani</b></div>
<div class="mobile-full" style="float: left; width: 45%;">
<div style="float: left; width: 20%;">
5’7″</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 30%;">
245 lbs</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
Japan</div>
</div>
<div class="mobile-full clearfix" style="float: left; width: 55%;">
<b>2nd: Konstantin Abdula-Zade</b></div>
<div class="mobile-full" style="float: left; width: 45%;">
<div style="float: left; width: 20%;">
6’0″</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 30%;">
241 lbs</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
Russia</div>
</div>
<div class="mobile-full clearfix" style="float: left; width: 55%;">
<b>3rd: Yevhenii Orlov</b></div>
<div class="mobile-full" style="float: left; width: 45%;">
<div style="float: left; width: 20%;">
6’1″</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 30%;">
280 lbs</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
Ukraine</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
Men's Heavyweight:<br />
<br />
<div class="accordion-content clearfix default-closed" style="display: block;">
<div class="mobile-full clearfix" style="float: left; width: 55%;">
<b>1st: Byambajav Ulambayar </b></div>
<div class="mobile-full" style="float: left; width: 45%;">
<div style="float: left; width: 20%;">
6’1″</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 30%;">
336 lbs</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
Mongolia</div>
</div>
<div class="mobile-full clearfix" style="float: left; width: 55%;">
<b>2nd: Yevhenii Orlov</b></div>
<div class="mobile-full" style="float: left; width: 45%;">
<div style="float: left; width: 20%;">
6’1″</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 30%;">
280 lbs</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
Ukraine</div>
</div>
<div class="mobile-full clearfix" style="float: left; width: 55%;">
<b>3rd: Ramy Elgazar</b></div>
<div class="mobile-full" style="float: left; width: 45%;">
<div style="float: left; width: 20%;">
6’3″</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 30%;">
459 lbs</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 50%;">
Egypt</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.usasumo.com/us-sumo-open/2017-us-sumo-open/<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>World Judo Championships</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="All-time_medal_count" style="font-size: small;">All-time medal count</span></h2>
Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total<br />
<br />
1 Japan 145 87 105 337<br />
2 France 55 34 77 166<br />
3 South Korea 27 10 60 97<br />
4 China 21 13 22 56<br />
5 Cuba 20 22 41 83<br />
6 Great Britain 16 17 31 64<br />
7 Netherlands 15 21 41 77<br />
8 Soviet Union 11 13 33 57<br />
9 Russia 8 17 39 64<br />
10 Belgium 8 14 21 43<br />
11 Brazil Brazil 7 18 28 53<br />
12 Germany 7 13 30 50<br />
13 Poland 6 4 23 33<br />
14 Georgia 5 10 18 33<br />
15 Italy 5 7 19 31<br />
16 North Korea 5 5 8 18<br />
17 United States 4 8 17 29<br />
18 Mongolia 4 4 13 21<br />
19 Austria 4 2 8 14<br />
20 East Germany 3 3 14 20<br />
21 Uzbekistan 3 2 7 12<br />
22 Greece 3 2 2 7<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Judo_Championships<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Japanese are also very good at Judo.}</span><br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Why is it that the Japanese are some of the smartest people, and they have recently banned Muslims from entering and living in Japan. The Japanese people do not want Sharia Law from trying to ruin and genocide off the Japanese people and culture. For more information on this topic, view our article IslamicShariaGenocide.Blogspot.com }</span><br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<b>World Jiu-Jitsu Championship</b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Jiu-Jitsu_Championship#10_Time_World_Championships<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Brazil and South America have some of the best Jiu-Jitsu fighters, boxers and MMA fighters, and so do people of European ancestry. We can see that South American teams are also some of the best teams in FIFA and soccer, as well as European teams}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Ken Shamrock on Royce Gracie Fights!"><span style="font-size: small;">Ken Shamrock on Royce Gracie Fights!
</span> </span></h1>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTmxttNrw_c<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="DAN SEVERN ON KEN SHAMROCK & STEROIDS">DAN SEVERN ON KEN SHAMROCK & STEROIDS
</span></span></span></h1>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9Iz-eze-xU<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Ken Shamrock on Dan Severn"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ken Shamrock on Dan Severn</span></span>
</span></h1>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUPHPz4A6ZM<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger Tells The Truth About His Steroids Use Back In The 70's">Arnold Schwarzenegger Tells The Truth About His Steroids Use Back In The 70's
</span></span></h1>
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eiHu6Y6UOdI<br />
<br />
------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{So what if one guy on steroids can jump 1 inch higher or farther than another, I am sure you can eventually find another person to beat that record. Just think if we just ended sports, what good is all that running and jumping going to do in a society that requires intelligence for inventing, and jobs that require higher level of intelligence. You know if the Muslims take over and create Sharia Law, they would try to ban many of these sports that we are talking about.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">The future of the world is going to be about how smart people are, and if we </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">can colonize space. We would want to try and reach or get close to our bodies full potential, it is good to stay active and healthy, and to push the limits and to challenge each other to do better. It is good that we can see how we have progressed in running, jumping, strength and other activities through the years. It is about trying to master both your physical and mental health and keep them at their best}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Top 10 Guinness World Records in Surfing</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
http://obxsurfinfo.com/2016/05/top-10-guinness-world-records-surfing/<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{I will admit that some of the surfing competitions are rigged, it is mostly who you know, and </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">gets very political with sponsors as well. Europeans and Asian Polynesians are very good at ocean sports and navigating the oceans}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-----------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
List of world records in rowing</h1>
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">Men</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men"> </span>M1x<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_scull" title="Single scull">Single sculls</a>: New Zealand 2017</i></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men"> </span>M2-<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxless_pair" title="Coxless pair">Coxless pairs</a>: New Zealand 2012</i></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">M2+<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxed_pair" title="Coxed pair">Coxed pairs</a>: New Zealand 2014</i> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men"> </span>M2x<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_scull" title="Double scull">Double sculls</a>: Croatia 2014</i></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men"> </span>M4-<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxless_four" title="Coxless four">Coxless four</a>: Great Britain 2012</i></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">M4+<br />
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxed_four" title="Coxed four">Coxed four</a></i> : Germany 1991</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">M4x Quad sculls: Ukraine 2014</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">M8 + eight: Germany 2017 </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">Leightweight single sculls: Italy 2014 </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">Leightweight coxless pairs: Switzerland 2014 </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">Leightweight double sculls: South Africa 2014 </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">Lightweight coxless four: Denmark 2014</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">Lightweight quad sculls: Greece 2014</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men">Lightweight eight: Germany 1992 </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Men"> h</span>ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_rowing</h3>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Some of the best navigators and people for rowing are from western nations, as we </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">can see with the world records in rowing. This is how many Europeans were able to get to America many thousands of years ago, by rowing and sailing by boat}.</span></b> <br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
List of world records in indoor rowing</h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"> Heavyweight men</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />Event Name Nationality Result Season Split<br />100 metres Ross Love United States 12.8 2017 1:04.0<br />500 metres Leo Young Australia 1:10.5 1991 1:10.5<br />1000 metres Sam Loch Australia 2:39.5 2017 1:19.7<br />2000 metres Josh Dunkley-Smith Australia 5:35.8 2018 1:23.9<br />5000 metres Mohamed Sbihi Great Britain 14:54.5 2016 1:29.4<br />6000 metres Martin Sinkovic Croatia 18:03.1 2016 1:30.2<br />10000 metres Eric Murray New Zealand 31:05.2 2015 1:33.2<br />Half marathon Eric Murray New Zealand 1:07:58.1 2014 1:36.6<br />Full marathon Ben de Wit Canada 2:21:08.7 2016 1:40.3<br />1 minute Loren Howard United States 429 2018 1:09.9<br />30 minutes Kjetil Borch Norway 9434 2016 1:35.4<br />60 minutes Hamish Bond New Zealand 18443 2014 1:37.6</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />Lightweight men</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />Event Name Nationality Result Season Split<br />100 metres Sebastian Gulka Canada 14.6 2017 1:13.5<br />500 metres Gregg Stephens United States 1:20.1 2005 1:20.1<br />1000 metres Jason Osborne Germany 2:54.2 2014 1:27.1<br />2000 metres Henrik Stephansen Denmark 5:56.7 2013 1:29.1<br />5000 metres Tim Male Great Britain 16:05.6 2000 1:36.5<br />6000 metres Lucas Schäfer Germany 19:21.8 2017 1:36,8<br />10000 metres Augusto Farfan Peru 32:15.7 2005 1:36.7<br />Half marathon Jesper Jensen Denmark 1:13:12.9 2017 1:44.1<br />Full marathon Jesper Jensen Denmark 2:29:31.7 2012 1:46.3<br />1 minute Matthew Segal Canada 379 2016 1:19.1<br />Jasper Liu United States 379 2017<br />30 minutes Donald Evans Great Britain 8893 2016 1:41.2<br />60 minutes William Solberg United States 17402 2017 1:43.4</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_indoor_rowing</span></h1>
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Top 5 Record Breaking Dives</b><br />
<br />
https://www.commercialdivingacademy.com/top-5-record-breaking-dives.cms<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{So far it is a half white and half Middle Easterner, followed by mostly westerners}.</span><br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">Spanish man climbs Mount Everest in fastest known time, completely on his own</span></h1>
<div class="intro">
<br />
Kilian Jornet used neither bottled oxygen or fixed ropes<br />
<br />
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/mount-everest-fasted-time-climb-kilian-jornet-a7752006.html<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">List of Mount Everest records</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Fastest_ascents">Fastest ascents</span></h3>
<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter"><thead>
<tr>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Record name</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Record</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Owner</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Nation</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Date</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending"><br /></th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td>Fastest ascent from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp#South_Base_Camp_in_Nepal" title="Everest Base Camp">Everest South Base Camp</a><br />
with supplemental oxygen</td>
<td>8 hours and 10 minutes</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemba_Dorje" title="Pemba Dorje">Pemba Dorje</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" data-file-height="885" data-file-width="726" height="20" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" width="16" /> </span>Nepal</td>
<td><span class="sorttext">May 21, 2004</span></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fastest ascent from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp#South_Base_Camp_in_Nepal" title="Everest Base Camp">Everest South Base Camp</a><br />
without supplemental oxygen<sup class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_reference_name_A"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_records#endnote_reference_name_A">a</a></sup></td>
<td>20 hours and 24 minutes</td>
<td>Aman Kumar Sinha</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /> </span>India</td>
<td><span class="sorttext">October 17, 2008</span></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fastest ascent without supplemental oxygen<br />
and fastest ascent from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Base_Camp#North_Base_Camp_in_Tibet" title="Everest Base Camp">Everest North Base Camp</a></td>
<td>16 hours and 45 minutes</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander" title="Hans Kammerlander">Hans Kammerlander</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> </span>Italy</td>
<td><span class="sorttext">May 24, 1996</span></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Longest stay on the summit</td>
<td>21 hours</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu_Chiri_Sherpa" title="Babu Chiri Sherpa">Babu Chiri Sherpa</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" data-file-height="885" data-file-width="726" height="20" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" width="16" /> </span>Nepal</td>
<td><span class="sorttext">May 6, 1999</span></td>
<td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_records#Fastest_ascents<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Many people from Tibet, India and Pakistan live in very mountainous areas, and many of</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">these races of people hold records in many different climbing ascents. There are thousands of</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">different mountains and cliffs to set records in the world, and climbing is all about skill. I believe that people who live and adapt to high altitudes most of their lives, are going to have a huge advantage to climbing giant mountains, than someone who has adapted to living at sea level all of their lives.} </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Theory: If blacks are built more for speed and jumping, are Asians and Europeans built more for being able to climb mountains such as Everest. We see that Orientals do very well</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">at gymnastics, archery, target sports, fencing and even video games}.</span></b><br />
<br /></div>
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">World Sauna Championships </span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Sauna_Championships <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Notice how it is just a bunch of Nordic countries winning constantly}.</span><br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Sauna contest leaves Russian dead and champion Finn in hospital</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Annual competition in Finland ended after challenger Vladimir Ladyzhenskiy dies after enduring 110C heat</b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/08/sauna-championship-russian-dead<br />
<br />
<br />
-------- <br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Games such as volleyball can be more of a mixed race sport, and you see many different types of people win all the time. Notice how the 2017 World Cup Championship for men's Volleyball had mostly white people on it, while the other teams had less white people}.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Men's World Cup Championships (Volleyball)</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>With a record five European Champions League titles under their belt
(including the last three editions) Zenit Kazan are the powerhouse of
European club volleyball.</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="color: #7f6000;">1 Zenit Kazan {Mostly an all white team, 1 black guy}</span><br />2 Lube Civitanova (Mostly an all white team}<br />3 Sada Cruzeiro Vôlei {Around a half black team}<br />4 SKRA Belchatow<br />5 Shanghai Volleyball Club {All Asian team}</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="color: black;">http://clubworldchampionships.2017.men.fivb.com/en</span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>---------------</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Most of the best race car drivers and motocross athletes are of European descent. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Sports such as BMX and downhill mountain biking continues to be dominated by people of European ancestry. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Most of the best people who are best at professional bowling are people of European ancestry}.</b></span><br />
<br />
------------ <br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_World_Chess_Championships">List of World Chess Championships</span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_World_Chess_Championships"> </span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_World_Chess_Championships"> List of World Chess Championships</span></span></h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_World_Chess_Championships"></span></span></h2>
<table class="wikitable"><tbody>
<tr>
<th>Year</th>
<th>Host country</th>
<th>Host city</th>
<th>World champion</th>
<th>Runner(s)-up</th>
<th>Won (+)</th>
<th>Lost (−)</th>
<th><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(chess)" title="Draw (chess)">Draw (=)</a></th>
<th>Format</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="9">Unofficial World Chess Championships (1834–1886)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1834</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Charles_Mah%C3%A9_de_La_Bourdonnais" title="Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais">Louis de La Bourdonnais</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McDonnell" title="Alexander McDonnell">Alexander McDonnell</a></td>
<td>45</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>13</td>
<td rowspan="6"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1843</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Fournier_de_Saint-Amant" title="Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant">Pierre Saint-Amant</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1843</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Fournier_de_Saint-Amant" title="Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant">Pierre Saint-Amant</a></td>
<td>11</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1846</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Staunton" title="Howard Staunton">Howard Staunton</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Horwitz" title="Bernhard Horwitz">Bernhard Horwitz</a></td>
<td>14</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1858</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Morphy" title="Paul Morphy">Paul Morphy</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="901" data-file-width="1501" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a></td>
<td>7</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1866</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="901" data-file-width="1501" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prussia_%281892-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a></td>
<td>8</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="9">Official World Chess Championships (1886–1946)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1886" title="World Chess Championship 1886">1886</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">Saint Louis</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="432" data-file-width="648" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Zukertort" title="Johannes Zukertort">Johannes Zukertort</a></td>
<td>10</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>first-to-10 wins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1889" title="World Chess Championship 1889">1889</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Russia_%281696-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281696-1917%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a></td>
<td>10</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td rowspan="3">best-of-20 + tiebreak</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1891" title="World Chess Championship 1891">1891</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="432" data-file-width="648" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Gunsberg" title="Isidor Gunsberg">Isidor Gunsberg</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1892" title="World Chess Championship 1892">1892</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Russia_%281696-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281696-1917%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Chigorin" title="Mikhail Chigorin">Mikhail Chigorin</a></td>
<td>8+2</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>4+1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1894" title="World Chess Championship 1894">1894</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="2000" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281868-1921%29.svg/23px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281868-1921%29.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a></td>
<td>10</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td rowspan="2">first-to-10 wins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1897" title="World Chess Championship 1897">1897</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1800" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Russia_%281696-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281696-1917%29.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Steinitz" title="Wilhelm Steinitz">Wilhelm Steinitz</a></td>
<td>10</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1907" title="World Chess Championship 1907">1907</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(chess_player)" title="Frank Marshall (chess player)">Frank Marshall</a></td>
<td>8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>7</td>
<td rowspan="2">first-to-8 wins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1908" title="World Chess Championship 1908">1908</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegbert_Tarrasch" title="Siegbert Tarrasch">Siegbert Tarrasch</a></td>
<td>8</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Schlechter)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Schlechter)">1910</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="432" data-file-width="648" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="432" data-file-width="648" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schlechter" title="Carl Schlechter">Carl Schlechter</a></td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>best of 10; disputed whether challenger had to win by 1 or 2 points;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1910_(Lasker%E2%80%93Janowski)" title="World Chess Championship 1910 (Lasker–Janowski)">1910</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawid_Janowski" title="Dawid Janowski">Dawid Janowski</a></td>
<td>8</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>first-to-8 wins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1921" title="World Chess Championship 1921">1921</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic"><img alt="Weimar Republic" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>best-of-24; <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker" title="Emanuel Lasker">Emanuel Lasker</a> resigned after 14 games</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1927" title="World Chess Championship 1927">1927</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="800" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ra%C3%BAl_Capablanca" title="José Raúl Capablanca">José Raúl Capablanca</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>25</td>
<td>first-to-6 wins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1929" title="World Chess Championship 1929">1929</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic"><img alt="Weimar Republic" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2_aspect_ratio%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efim_Bogoljubov" title="Efim Bogoljubov">Efim Bogoljubov</a></td>
<td>11</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>9</td>
<td rowspan="4">first-to-6 wins AND 15 points</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1934" title="World Chess Championship 1934">1934</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td>
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10 cities</div>
</div>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efim_Bogoljubov" title="Efim Bogoljubov">Efim Bogoljubov</a></td>
<td>8</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1935" title="World Chess Championship 1935">1935</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td>
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13 cities</div>
</div>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a></td>
<td>9</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1937" title="World Chess Championship 1937">1937</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td>
<td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame3" style="border: medium none; padding: 0px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 105%; text-align: left;">
7 cities</div>
</div>
</td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Euwe" title="Max Euwe">Max Euwe</a></td>
<td>10</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">Interregnum</a> (1946–1948)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine" title="Alexander Alekhine">Alexander Alekhine</a> died in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum_of_World_Chess_Champions" title="Interregnum of World Chess Champions">1946</a> as World Chess Champion.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="9">FIDE World Chess Championships (1948–1993)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1948" title="World Chess Championship 1948">1948</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a></td>
<td>4 players</td>
<td colspan="3">14 points out of 20</td>
<td>5-player, 5-cycle <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament" title="Round-robin tournament">round-robin</a> tournament</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1951" title="World Chess Championship 1951">1951</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bronstein" title="David Bronstein">David Bronstein</a></td>
<td>5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>14</td>
<td rowspan="10">best-of-24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1954" title="World Chess Championship 1954">1954</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a></td>
<td>7</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1957" title="World Chess Championship 1957">1957</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1958" title="World Chess Championship 1958">1958</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Smyslov" title="Vasily Smyslov">Vasily Smyslov</a></td>
<td>7</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1960" title="World Chess Championship 1960">1960</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1961" title="World Chess Championship 1961">1961</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tal" title="Mikhail Tal">Mikhail Tal</a></td>
<td>10</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1963" title="World Chess Championship 1963">1963</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Botvinnik" title="Mikhail Botvinnik">Mikhail Botvinnik</a></td>
<td>5</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1966" title="World Chess Championship 1966">1966</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1969" title="World Chess Championship 1969">1969</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1972" title="World Chess Championship 1972">1972</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="576" data-file-width="800" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" width="21" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Spassky" title="Boris Spassky">Boris Spassky</a></td>
<td>7</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1975" title="World Chess Championship 1975">1975</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer" title="Bobby Fischer">Bobby Fischer</a></td>
<td colspan="3"><i>by default</i></td>
<td>first-to-10 wins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1978" title="World Chess Championship 1978">1978</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left: 25px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>21</td>
<td rowspan="2">first-to-6 wins</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1981" title="World Chess Championship 1981">1981</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurhaus,_Meran" title="Kurhaus, Meran">Kurhaus</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merano" title="Merano">Merano</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="16" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoi" title="Viktor Korchnoi">Viktor Korchnoi</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1984" title="World Chess Championship 1984">1984</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a></td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>first-to-6 wins; <i>aborted match</i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1985" title="World Chess Championship 1985">1985</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td>5</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>16</td>
<td rowspan="4">best-of-24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1986" title="World Chess Championship 1986">1986</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td>5</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1987" title="World Chess Championship 1987">1987</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="750" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1990" title="World Chess Championship 1990">1990</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="9">Classical World Chess Championships (1993–2006)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="9">World Chess Champion <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> and challenger <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Short" title="Nigel Short">Nigel Short</a> split from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>, the official world governing body of chess, and played their title match under the auspices of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Chess_Association" title="Professional Chess Association">Professional Chess Association</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Short" title="Nigel Short">Nigel Short</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>best-of-24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_1995" title="Classical World Chess Championship 1995">1995</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>best-of-20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>best-of-16</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="Classical World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="16" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brissago" title="Brissago">Brissago</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Leko" title="Peter Leko">Peter Leko</a></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>best-of-14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="9">FIDE World Chess Championships (1993–2006)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> was stripped of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> title after he and challenger <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Short" title="Nigel Short">Nigel Short</a> split from FIDE in 1993. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a>, former champion and the challenger in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1990" title="World Chess Championship 1990">1990 FIDE World Chess Championship match</a>, was announced as incumbent World Champion. Beginning with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1996" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1996">FIDE World Chess Championship 1996</a>, FIDE changed its rules and the incumbent World Champion was no longer automatically qualified for the final match.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_1993" title="World Chess Championship 1993">1993</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Russia_%281991-1993%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991-1993%29.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Timman" title="Jan Timman">Jan Timman</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>13</td>
<td>best-of-24</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1996" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1996">1996</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gata_Kamsky" title="Gata Kamsky">Gata Kamsky</a></td>
<td>6</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>best-of-20</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1998" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1998">1998</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1000" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" width="16" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpov" title="Anatoly Karpov">Anatoly Karpov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td>2+2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2</td>
<td rowspan="3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament" title="Single-elimination tournament">single-elimination tournament</a> with finals best-of-6 + tiebreaks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_1999" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 1999">1999</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Khalifman" title="Alexander Khalifman">Alexander Khalifman</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Akopian" title="Vladimir Akopian">Vladimir Akopian</a></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2000" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2000">2000</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and<br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="630" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a><br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="750" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Shirov" title="Alexei Shirov">Alexei Shirov</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2002" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2002">2002</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Ponomariov" title="Ruslan Ponomariov">Ruslan Ponomariov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1200" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassily_Ivanchuk" title="Vassily Ivanchuk">Vassily Ivanchuk</a></td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>5</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament" title="Single-elimination tournament">single-elimination tournament</a> with finals best-of-8 + tiebreaks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2004" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2004">2004</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="1000" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Libya_%281977-2011%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya_%281977-2011%29.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="250" data-file-width="500" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanov" title="Rustam Kasimdzhanov">Rustam Kasimdzhanov</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Adams_(chess_player)" title="Michael Adams (chess player)">Michael Adams</a></td>
<td>2+1</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>2+1</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-elimination_tournament" title="Single-elimination tournament">single-elimination tournament</a> with finals best-of-6 + tiebreaks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_World_Chess_Championship_2005" title="FIDE World Chess Championship 2005">2005</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis,_Argentina" title="San Luis, Argentina">Potrero de los Funes</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Luis,_Argentina" title="San Luis, Argentina">San Luis</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Veselin Topalov</a></td>
<td>7 players</td>
<td colspan="3">10 points out of 14</td>
<td>8-player double round-robin tournament</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="9">World Chess Championships (2006–present)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2006" title="World Chess Championship 2006">2006</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Veselin Topalov</a></td>
<td>3+2</td>
<td>3+1</td>
<td>6+1</td>
<td>best-of-12 + tiebreaks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2007" title="World Chess Championship 2007">2007</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="840" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td>7 players</td>
<td colspan="3">9 points out of 14</td>
<td>8-player double round-robin tournament</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2008" title="World Chess Championship 2008">2008</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik" title="Vladimir Kramnik">Vladimir Kramnik</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>7</td>
<td rowspan="7">best-of-12 + tiebreaks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2010" title="World Chess Championship 2010">2010</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Topalov" title="Veselin Topalov">Veselin Topalov</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2012" title="World Chess Championship 2012">2012</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="660" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" width="21" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Gelfand" title="Boris Gelfand">Boris Gelfand</a></td>
<td>1+1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10+3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2013" title="World Chess Championship 2013">2013</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1100" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="21" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2014" title="World Chess Championship 2014">2014</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1100" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="21" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></td>
<td>3</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2016" title="World Chess Championship 2016">2016</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1100" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="21" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Karjakin" title="Sergey Karjakin">Sergey Karjakin</a></td>
<td>1+2</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>10+2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2018" title="World Chess Championship 2018">2018</a></i></td>
<td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></td>
<td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1100" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" width="21" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a> vs. <span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabiano_Caruana" title="Fabiano Caruana">Fabiano Caruana</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_World_Chess_Championships"> </span></span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_World_Chess_Championships">H</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">ttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Chess_Championships</span></h2>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Now we can see why the government can see Europeans as a threat to the One World Order establishment, because white people have some of the highest IQ's on average, as well as Northern Asians}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Human Nature Matters</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
The only way to construct a robust philosophy for life is to have a clear and realistic picture of what makes humans tick<br />
<br />
https://aeon.co/essays/theres-no-philosophy-of-life-without-a-theory-of-human-nature<br />
<br />
-------------------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 data-pb-field="custom.topperDisplayName">
<span style="font-size: large;">An honest conversation about race is not allowed</span></h1>
<br />
<span class="pb-timestamp" content="2017-08-14T03:57-500">August 14, 2017</span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/an-honest-conversation-about-race-is-not-allowed/2017/08/14/62f159b8-8111-11e7-b359-15a3617c767b_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.9c8529ffc027<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Scientific racism</h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism#Lord_Kames<br />
<br />
------------------ <br />
<br />
<h1 class="spaced spaced-xl spaced-top spaced-bottom">
<span style="font-size: large;">High school student's science project linking race, low intelligence spurs investigation</span></h1>
<br />
Feb 2018<br />
<br />
http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-race-high-school-20180211-story.html<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> Race, Ethnicity, and Genomics: Social Classifications as Proxies of Biological Heterogeneity</b><br />
<br />
https://genome.cshlp.org/content/12/6/844.full.html<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Some people are offended when you talk about humans, race and intelligence. We can see</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">that people get way less upset if you talk about the smartest breeds of dogs instead}. </span></b><br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Simply Ingenious - 10 Smartest Dog Breeds</b></span> <br />
<br />
<br />
1. Border Collie: A workaholic, this breed is the world's premier sheep herder, prized for its intelligence, extraordinary instinct, and working ability.<br />
<br />
2. Poodle: Exceptionally smart and active. Bred to retrieve things from the water. The miniature variety may have been used for truffle hunting.<br />
<br />
3. German Shepherd: The world's leading police, guard, and military dog -- and a loving family companion and herder.<br />
<br />
https://www.petmd.com/dog/pet_lover/evr_dg_smart_dogs<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">13 Smartest Cat Breeds In The World</span></h1>
<br />
https://savemoreanimals.org/smartest-cat-breed/<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Most Intelligent Cat Breeds – How clever is your cat?</span></h1>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Cat IQ test</span></h2>
<br />
https://www.thehappycatsite.com/most-intelligent-cat-breeds/<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Fish intelligence</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Fish intelligence</b> is "...the resultant of the process of
acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and
using in new contexts information and conceptual skills" as it applies to fish.<br />
According to Culum Brown from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a>,
"Fish are more intelligent than they appear. In many areas, such as
memory, their cognitive powers match or exceed those of ‘higher’ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> including non-human primates."<br />
Fish hold records for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-to-body_mass_ratio" title="Brain-to-body mass ratio">relative brain weights</a> of vertebrates. Most vertebrate species have similar brain-to-body mass ratios. The deep sea bathypelagic <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony-eared_assfish" title="Bony-eared assfish">bony-eared assfish</a>, has the smallest ratio of all known vertebrates. At the other extreme, the electrogenic <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathonemus_petersii" title="Gnathonemus petersii">elephantnose fish</a>,
an African freshwater fish, has one of the largest brain-to-body weight
ratios of all known vertebrates (slightly higher than humans) and the
highest brain-to-body oxygen consumption ratio of all known vertebrates
(three times that for humans)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_intelligence <br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="pw-hidden-cp">
<h1 class="headline">
<span style="font-size: large;">Reptiles Are Really Intelligent; We Were Just Giving Them the Wrong Tests</span></h1>
<h2 class="subtitle">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h2>
<h2 class="subtitle">
<span style="font-size: small;">Now that scientists are coming up with new
experiments and methods, they’re realizing that there’s a lot more to
the reptile brain than they once thought</span></h2>
<br />
Read
more:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/reptiles-are-really-intelligent-we-were-just-giving-them-the-wrong-tests-180947769/#StM2C6utIfreMtqR.99</div>
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<h1 class="title" id="page-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Jumping Spiders: Smarter than the Average Spider</span></h1>
<br />
http://thescienceexplorer.com/nature/jumping-spiders-smarter-average-spider<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="clear">
<span style="font-size: large;">Meet your worst nightmare: Portia, the world’s most intelligent spider </span></h1>
<br />
https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/latest-news/543979/portia-worlds-most-intelligent-spider-hunting-thinking-clever-calculate-the-hunt-video<br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Why is it that some birds are smarter than others? Why is it that some Parrots are smarter than other Parrots? Why is it that some birds can run and jump faster than other birds, while other species of birds are the fastest at flying? </span></b><b><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Why is it that some birds have a different type of skeletal structures than other birds?</span></b></span></b><br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
Bird intelligence</h1>
<br />
<br />
<b>Bird intelligence</b> deals with the definition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> and its measurement as it applies to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>.
The difficulty of defining or measuring intelligence in non-human
animals makes the subject difficult for scientific study. Anatomically,
birds (the 10,000 species of which are the direct living descendants of,
and so are, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropod dinosaurs</a>)
have relatively large brains compared to their head size. The visual
and auditory senses are well developed in most species, while the
tactile and olfactory senses are well realized only in a few groups.
Birds communicate using visual signals as well as through the use of
calls and song. The testing of intelligence is therefore based on
studying the responses to sensory stimuli.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_intelligence<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="article__title">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Most Intelligent Birds In The World</span></h1>
<br />
When you think about all of the animals in the world, you quickly
realize that birds are, in fact, amongst some of the most intelligent
creatures we have on Earth. Although there are more than 10,000 bird
species worldwide, only a handful of them have made the list for
extremely talented and incredibly intelligent. So who are these super
intelligent feathered friends? It’s not easy to really say who is number
one or number 2, or to choose the smartest and brightest of them all.
But this blog gives you a overview, of what birds have made the top of
the list in most bird intelligence studies around the world. So sit back
and be amazed how smart some of our feathered friends really are!<br />
<br />
Crows<br />
Kea<br />
Raven<br />
African Grey<br />
Mccaws<br />
Cockatoo<br />
Amazon Parrots<br />
Jays<br />
<br />
https://wingspanoptics.com/blogs/field-journal/the-most-intelligent-birds-in-the-world<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<div class="heading cf">
<h1 class="post-title item fn">
<span style="font-size: large;">World’s smartest birds</span></h1>
</div>
<br />
https://www.welcomewildlife.com/worlds-smartest-birds/<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{You will always hear multiple people say that the smartest parrot is an African Grey, followed by some of the birds you see in the following article. Why is it that so many people I know<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>say that the African Grey Parrot is always one of the top smartest Parrots out there?</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
Top 10 Smartest Talking Birds In The World</h1>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
#1 African Grey Parrot</h3>
<br />
https://themysteriousworld.com/top-10-talking-birds-in-the-world/<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1>
Top 5 smartest pet birds</h1>
<br />
<b>1. African Grey Parrot</b><br />
<b><b>2. Macaws and Cockatoos</b> </b><br />
<b>3. Budgerigar (budgies)</b><br />
<b></b><b>4. Conures, Green Amazons, Parakeets, Quakers, Lovebirds </b><br />
<b></b><b>5. Canaries, Finches and Bantam Chickens</b><br />
<br />
<b> http://www.canadianliving.com/life-and-relationships/pets/article/top-5-smartest-pet-birds</b><br />
<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="article-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Top 3 Smartest Pet Birds</span></h1>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">1. The Intelligent African Grey Parrot</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">2. The Smartest Parakeet, The Budgerigar</span></h2>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">3. The Clever Cockatoo</span></h2>
<br />
https://www.petcha.com/the-top-3-smartest-pet-birds/<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="post-title entry-title left">
<span style="font-size: large;">Top 10 Smartest Talking Birds in the World</span></h1>
<h1 class="post-title entry-title left">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1>
<h3>
1. African Grey Parrot</h3>
<br />
https://earthnworld.com/2017/05/top-10-smartest-talking-birds-in-the-world/<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>10 Most Intelligent Animals In The World</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b> </b>https://themysteriousworld.com/top-10-most-intelligent-animals-in-the-world/ <br />
<br />
10: Ant<br />
9: Crow <br />
8: Otters<br />
7: Pig<br />
6: Octopus<br />
5: Dog<br />
4: Whale<br />
3: Elephant<br />
2: Dolphin<br />
1: Great Ape<br />
<br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<h1>
Top 10 Smartest Animals</h1>
<br />
<br />
https://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/10-smartest-animals.htm <br />
<br />
10: Rat<br />
9: Octopus<br />
8: Pigeon<br />
7: Squirrel<br />
6: Pig<br />
5: Crow<br />
4: Elephant<br />
3: Orangutan<br />
2: Dolphin<br />
1: Chimpanzee<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>What Are the Smartest Primates?</b></span><br />
<br />
The battle for IQ amongst our primate relatives.<br />
<br />
http://discovermagazine.com/2006/nov/primate-iq-hierarchy<br />
<br />
The Hierarchy of Primate Intelligence <br />
<br />
1 Human <br />
2 Orangutan<br />
3 Chimpanzee <br />
4 Spider monkey <br />
5 Gorilla <br />
6 Surili <br />
7 Macaque <br />
8 Mandrill <br />
9 Guenon <br />
10 Mangabey <br />
11 Capuchin<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Monkey ‘IQ test’ hints at intelligent human ancestor</b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17318-monkey-iq-test-hints-at-intelligent-human-ancestor/<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Smartest Orangutan in the World - Most intelligent Monkey Ever!</b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9g2FIZohfXc<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="h1">
<span style="font-size: large;">Human Evolution: The Origin of Tool Use</span></h1>
<br />
The way humans make and use tools is perhaps what sets our species
apart more than anything else. Now scientists are more and more
uncovering the forces that drove our lineage to our heights of tool use
— and how tool use, in turn, might have influenced our evolution.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.livescience.com/7968-human-evolution-origin-tool.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Notice how certain cultures of humans create advanced tools over other humans, and how they are able to advance their society greater than other civilizations and groups of people. We can see how technology plays a big role in human development as well, including the advancement and acceleration of future technology}. </span></b><br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Why Do Women Have Smaller Brains Than Men? "A Real Scientific Paradox"</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Black men have a larger brain than do white women, even when you correct
the body size. Black men have a much lower IQ than white women. To a
scientist and researcher, how do you explain this paradox of brain size
in the scientific community?<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F29SrufZyF4<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Fertility and intelligence</span></h1>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_and_intelligence#Criticisms<br />
<br />
<br />
The relationship between <b>fertility and intelligence</b> has been investigated in many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic</a> studies, with contradicting evidence that on a population level, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> is negatively correlated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility#Demography" title="Fertility">fertility</a> rate, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_epidemiology" title="Cognitive epidemiology">positively correlated with survival rate of offspring</a>.
The combined net effect of these two forces on ultimate population
intelligence is not well studied and is unclear. It is theorized that if
an inverse correlation of IQ with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_rate" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a>
were stronger than the correlation of survival rate, and if heritable
factors involved in IQ were consistently expressed in populations with
different fertility rates, and if this continued over a significant
number of generations, it could lead to a decrease in population IQ
scores. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a>
demonstrates an increase in phenotypic IQ scores over time, but
confounding environmental factors during the same period of time
preclude any conclusion concerning underlying change in genotypic IQ.
Other correlates of IQ include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> and educational attainment, which are also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_factor_(demography)" title="Fertility factor (demography)">fertility factors</a> that are inversely correlated with fertility rate, and are to some degree heritable.<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Ancient races such as the Maya, and the people of Central America were very smart and had advanced astronomy. Why is it that many of the Central Americans we see today, are so dumbed-down compared to their ancestors many hundreds and thousands of years ago. We can see that many governments are responsible for keeping the masses dumbed-down, and that many of these races should have on average a higher IQ, but they do not, because their government keeps them ignorant. Look at how corrupt most of the governments are in Africa, while it is just some black guy enslaving another black, and this has been going on for thousands of years. We know the government wants to dumb-down the population, but do you really want the people to be that dumb? What about all the chemicals the media claims the government allows in our food and water, in order to keep us dumbed-down? How can we even give people the opportunity to test properly, if they are being chemically and biologically attacked by the government and by groups such as Monsanto.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: #38761d;"> </span>There is a saying, the saying is that the smartest rulers keep the masses <span style="color: #38761d;">dumbed-down</span> the most.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">What would be the IQ average of some of the ancient Maya people, compared to the people living in Mesoamerica territory today? Many still question with multiple theories, why the Maya civilization went extinct}. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3 class="clk" style="white-space: nowrap;">
Malnutrition Causes Severe Stunting in Guatemalan Children - ABC</h3>
<br />
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/malnutrition-severe-stunting-guatemalan-children/story?id=12381731<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Malnutrition in different areas of the world has been going on for thousands and thousands of years, this is why some people have stunted their growth more than others. Some question if there were ancient humans that were taller, stronger and faster than current humans we see today. There are many different documentaries and books on many types of giant organisms that existed in ancient times as well}.</span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> ------------</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="hero-heading flex-media-heading heading-larger heading-largest-for-medium-up text-tighter block-normal">
<span style="font-size: large;">Study: Financial Stress Dramatically Lowers Your IQ
</span></h1>
<h3 class="subheader heading-small heading-light text-steel text-loose block-normal">
</h3>
<h3 class="subheader heading-small heading-light text-steel text-loose block-normal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Research shows that feeling poor lowers a person’s IQ test score as much as a night without sleep.</span></span></h3>
<br />
https://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/my-money/2013/10/23/study-financial-stress-dramatically-lowers-your-iq<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>----------------------</b><br />
<br />
<b> Toxic combination of air pollution and poverty lowers child IQ</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150429182438.htm<br />
<br />
<b>--------------- </b><br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Top 10 Toxins that May Be Lowering Your Child’s IQ Right Now</span></h1>
<br />
<b>Flame Retardants<br />Fluoride<br />Lead<br />Triclosan<br />Mercury<br />PFCs or Perfluorinated compounds<br />Arsenic<br />Toluene<br />Manganese<br />Phthalates</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> <span style="color: black;">https://www.mamavation.com/featured/top-10-toxins-that-may-be-lowering-your-childs-iq-right-now.html</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #38761d;">{Strange, but nearly most of these harmful chemicals are found in clothing and cosmetic products marketed to Africans and Hispanics}.</span> </span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">------------- </span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">Study Warns: Kids Who Eat Fast Food Have Lower IQs</span></h1>
<br />
<b>https://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/study-warns-kids-who-eat-fast-food-have-lower-iqs/</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">------------- </span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: small;">These Ubiquitous Chemicals May Be Making Us Stupid</span></h1>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> <span style="color: black;">2014</span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> </span></b>You may not think much about the class of industrial chemicals called
phthalates, which are used both to make plastics more flexible and to
dissolve other chemicals. But you’re quite likely on intimate terms with
them. According to the Centers for Disease Control, they’re found in
“vinyl flooring, adhesives, detergents, lubricating oils, automotive
plastics, plastic clothes (raincoats), and personal-care products
(soaps, shampoos, hair sprays, and nail polishes).”<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> <span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">https://www.motherjones.com/food/2014/12/ubiquitous-chemical-thats-making-us-stupid/</span></span></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">-------------- </span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{We can see how many of the elite have their own organic food grown for them in their own private greenhouses. The elite of the world have all of their clothes, home interiors and car interiors custom made with organic and natural fibers. Even when blacks finally get money, half of them spend it on clothing that is poisoning them, including many other everyday consumer items they purchase that is marketed to them. It is funny how you many of these gangster rappers dressed up in all the toxic clothing that can accelerate cancer that we see in our reports. How many of these people do you honestly think are really going to have the IQ to comprehend or even care. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;">Haha you fools, the man has you right where he wants. Now go out and buy some toxic shoes or some basketball jersey made in China that is marketed to you. Do you see how they have these idiots covering themselves in all synthetic materials made by petrochemical companies. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">At this rate, we can see how certain parts of society have regressed, while other parts of society have evolved with science and technology}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>------------</b><br />
<b>------------ </b><br />
<br />
<b> Chapter 3: Science & Invention</b><br />
<br />
<b>-----------</b><br />
<b>----------- </b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Why do we even see some half black and half white scientists up on TV? Many of these </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">scientists must be smart to be up on TV, am I right? </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> We must question how much NASA is lying to many people, including this Neil deGrasse Tyson character, who is actually more of an actor they just put up there to say they have a black man in some high level position up in there. Neil deGrasse Tyson really is more of an actor than a scientist}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Neil deGrasse Tyson</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Scientists Who Are Actually Really Stupid: #1, Neil deGrasse Tyson</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
2015<br />
<br />
http://www.breitbart.com/tech/2015/12/21/scientists-who-are-actually-really-stupid-1-neil-degrasse-tyson/<br />
<br />
Neil deGrasse Tyson made the decision a long time ago to be a sort of media cheerleader for science instead of an actual scientist, and although he isn’t a great communicator, it was the right decision because he was unlikely ever to trouble the Nobel committee. Also, he is stupid and his politics are dumb.<br />
<br />
Tyson, whom liberals love because they are racists who can’t believe a black guy could be smart enough to be a scientist and so spontaneously ejaculate and soil themselves every time they see him on TV, hasn’t published anything of note for years. The advantage of being a celebrity scientist is that you don’t actually have to do any science. You’re exempted from the usual “publish or perish” rules.<br />
<br />
Even when he was making a go of being a proper academic, Tyson didn’t exactly have the most glittering record. He didn’t get the PhD he was studying for at the University of Texas and had to go elsewhere for his qualification. Obviously, rather than take responsibility for his academic performance, Tyson has blamed racism. In reality, Tyson was playing in bands and appearing on stage instead of completing essays. Typical science PhD students are at any given time either studying, teaching or sleeping.<br />
<br />
It’s tough to avoid the conclusion that much of what is frustrating about Neil deGrasse Tyson stems from identity politics and the victimhood ideology peddled by leftist academics and journalists. Despite all his media success, Tyson insists that racism is responsible for his academic failures, alluding to sinister “forces” that keep women and ethnic minorities down.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Wow, that is messed up, they are even attacking Neil deGrasse Tyson, man it is a cold world out there.}</span></b><br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{We believe that a black man has just as much right to live as a white man. Do our children not enjoy the freedom to play and enjoy life as much as your children? What about many of the great African inventors? Many different people of all races even think differently, and come up with new inventions}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<b>List of African-American inventors and scientists</b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<b>10 African Inventors You Did Not Know</b><br />
<br />
https://www.africanexponent.com/post/8116-10-african-inventors-you-did-not-know<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>10 Under 30 African Inventors Set To Change The World</b><br />
<br />
http://venturesafrica.com/10-under-30-african-inventors-set-to-change-the-world/<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<b>LIST OF KNOWN AFRICAN-AMERICAN INVENTORS 1845-1980</b><br />
<br />
http://johnmpinto.com/blkinvlist.pdf<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>List of African-American mathematicians</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians<br />
<br />
----- <br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Ancient Egyptian Inventions</span></h1>
<br />
https://discoveringegypt.com/ancient-egyptian-inventions/<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Many cannot even list all of the inventions of Ancient Egypt. We know that Egypt has been invaded and conquered multiple times by foreign nations and armies that brought foreign technology to Egypt as well}.</b></span><br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>How Islamic inventors changed the world</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Though the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a "self-moving and combusting egg", and a torpedo - a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.<br />
<br />
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-6106905.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{This must explain why they are so good at making bombs}.</span></b><br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world</b></span><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>List of Muslim scientists</b></span><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>15 Famous Muslim (Arab & Persian) Scientists and their Inventions</b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.famousscientists.org/famous-muslim-arab-persian-scientists-and-their-inventions/<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{We can see that many different tribes of White looking Arabs, Druze and different tribes exist in the Middle East, and it is not just a bunch of Arabs. However, we see how Muslims are now trying to genocide off other tribes, and how the Middle East is slowly turning into being mostly Arabic and black.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Right now America is at war with radical Islam, so that Sharia law does not spread across the globe. What good is an invention to your people, if many of the Muslims try to genocide off other races and cultures. We think that Africans, Arabs, Orientals and Europeans should all have their own lands. We think that we should regulate immigration better in all nations, so that we can all live together as diverse humans beings}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<b>Research: Arab Inventors Make the U.S. More Innovative</b><br />
<br />
https://hbr.org/2017/02/arab-inventors-make-the-u-s-more-innovative<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{The problem is when Arabic people come to America, is that many can have over a dozen children, this is just like letting a dozen refugees into your country, then those dozen refugees have hundreds of offspring eventually. The problem with having Arabs and blacks reproduce in your country, is that you allow the opportunity for a higher chance for those offspring to turn out to be Muslims, then create Sharia Law in your country to overthrow and genocide off your people and culture. It is not worth risking the security of western nations, to have a bunch of low IQ Islamic Sharia tyrants try to kill off humanity. For more information on this subject, view our article " Islamic Sharia Law & Genocide - The Middle East Conflict Investigation " - IslamicShariaGenocdie.Blogspot.com .</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">The problem with war, is you have some of the smartest and most athletic people that are the best soldiers, and end up dying in war. Now the best people who should have passed on their genes, can no longer pass on their genes. Now the people that were able to pass on their genes were the people who were not fit to go to war, and then even now have multiple kids. To many people it just does not seems right that many good people lose their lives in war, and who knows what type of great lineage and DNA has been lost over many thousands of years. This is why I believe we should preserve all races and travel to space. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">We could have trillions of Orientals, trillions of Africans, trillions of Middle Easterners and trillions of White people. Should have programs where super intelligent people can breed with super intelligent people? Many of the people who are mentally or physically disabled in certain ways, claim that they are actually the new evolution of thinkers. Some think that Steven Hawking is considered to be one of the smartest people on Earth, while others disagree with his politics and say he is not. Even if you agree or disagree with Steven Hawking and his politics, he is what you would call an intelligent person. I think even people such as Steven Hawking should have the right to reproduce if they want, and who knows what kind of evolution his offspring would make. Would this mean that his children would most likely not be able to walk if they were born? What if there were a way to get rid of some the genetic dysgenics in Steven Hawking, and to where if he could have children, they could be free of physical birth defects. I think we should regulate who can breed with who more. If we were going to live in space, do you think that we should regulate smarter groups of people breeding with smarter groups of people? </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">We are not going to have it to where we have trillions of all the races, but somehow the white race faced genocide in the middle of it because of the UN, the EU and the Vatican.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Look
at how the German people win a FIFA world cup in soccer, while many
Muslim countries do not even come close to ever winning. Tribally speaking, and why many races of people are very picky when breeding with other races.</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b> The last thing Europe
needs, is a bunch of Islamic Pygmies running around, while trying to
implement Sharia Law. We should not
jeopardize the chances of European people accelerating in sports,
science and achieving to their maximum potential in the future. We are
going to set laws in place so that we do not have a bunch of low IQ Muslims running around Europe and America, trying to ruin the European
gene pool. Places such as Europe should be reserved for a mosly white native European population. We should deport many non-Native Europeans out of Europe, and respect the European people. I am saying all this to avoid a race where, where more people would die, and lose the lineage of European DNA we are trying to keep. We also love all the races equally, and why China should be mostly Chinese, same with Japan. The Arabs also deserve their own lands. We can have immigration and all races in other countries, but to a minimum of immigrantion.</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><b><span style="color: #38761d;">For
more information on this subject, view our article " Islamic Sharia Law
& Genocide - The Middle East Conflict Investigation " -
IslamicShariaGenocdie.Blogspot.com </span></b></b></span>
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">What if we do not have the capability to travel and populate space with billions or trillions of people?</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">I believe that we should have population control, race control and immigration control on Earth, in order to counter the one world government and one world order. If we want to have billions of more people living, we should do it off the planet, and not risk causing more damage to the planet with many different variables. Look at the amount of harmful chemicals and pesticides the world uses, and we cannot add more of these harmful chemicals to the planet. If we were living more organic, then I would say it might actually be possible, but there are many variables that I honestly am not fully aware of myself. Are we just going to let the Chinese people have another billion people? What about all the foreigners and Orientals breeding like rats in America, and they are doing it to try and overthrow American society. We are calling for the removal of all immigrants out of Europe and America, all immigrants who were immigrants after 1970 need to be removed, those immigrants and their offspring need to leave or face forced deportation. This is being done to counter the UN and the EU from trying to genocide off western nations, and replace them with their one world government. Why it it that they have segregated jails, then we see in society what happens when you let a bunch of Muslims loose in Europe. This is why I believe that white people deserve their own land, just as Orientals, Arabs and blacks all deserve their land. If the rest of the world cannot respect European culture and letting Europeans have their own land, then we predict a race war will happen in Europe and America. We are tired of the past history of Muslims and Africans that constantly try to genocide off the white man and European culture, and that the scientific community is now going to stop these groups with lesser IQ points, from trying to hurt and genocide off groups that have higher IQ points. </span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> Look at the low IQ Muslims that invaded Spain and Italy, and still are doing it to this day.</span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">America must not allow UN soldiers or EU soldiers to step foot on American soil, or they will turn America into the next Sharia Europe. The UN is the enemy of the free people of the world, and we need to stop the UN and EU at all costs from trying to genocide off the European people}.</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b>-------</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Even though Muslims may have many great inventions, that is great, but we need to ban all Muslims in America and Europe. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">If you are a Muslim, you need to leave America and go work on your projects elsewhere.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">A lot of my good friends have even died fighting against your Sharia Law. Look how dumb the Muslim man is waging war on so many people, risking a nuclear war and even putting his entire bloodline in jeopardy. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Sometimes we must ask, are the inventions even worth the hassles for some of these Muslims. What happens next, is some Muslim going to invent a new way to terrorize the west with a super attack. I wish the Muslims would grow up and stop acting like such a cowardly group of people. This is why a record people are leaving Islam, cause they realize that the security of their family is more important than the poison of Sharia Law, that has already caused so much harm to the free world. It is a shame that many Arabic people have to think about what this stupid religion has become, and I really do apologize for how many people Sharia law has hurt}.</span></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b><br /></b>
<b>--------</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{You will notice how many more inventions Europe has over Africa}.</b> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">-------</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>List of German inventors and discoverers</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventors_and_discoverers<br />
<br />
<b>List of German inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>List of French inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>Famous French inventors list</b> - https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-french-inventors-list/reference<br />
<br />
<b>List of English inventors and designers</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_inventors_and_designers<br />
<br />
<b>Category:English inventors </b>- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:English_inventors<br />
<br />
<b>Greatest 50 British inventions: full list</b> - https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/9787698/Greatest-50-British-inventions-full-list.html<br />
<br />
<b>Scottish inventions and discoveries </b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Top 10 Scottish scientists and inventors that changed the world</b> - <br />
http://www.scotlandnow.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/top-10-scottish-scientists-inventors-7441606<br />
<br />
<b>List of Welsh inventors</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Welsh inventions </b>- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Welsh_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>15 amazing ways that Wales changed the world </b>- http://www.wow247.co.uk/2016/07/06/15-amazing-ways-that-wales-changed-the-world/<br />
<br />
<b>List of Italian inventors </b>- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventors<br />
<br />
<b>List of Italian inventions</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>List of Swiss inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swiss_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>List of Swiss inventors and discoverers </b>- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swiss_inventors_and_discoverers<br />
<br />
<b>Category: Dutch inventions</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dutch_inventions<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>List of Dutch inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dutch_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>List of Spanish inventors and discoverers</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_inventors_and_discoverers<br />
<br />
<b>List of Spanish inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Spanish_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>List of Portuguese inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>List of Austrian inventions and discoveries </b>- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Austrian_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>List of Austrian inventors and discoverers</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Austrian_inventors_and_discoverers<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>6 Things We Owe to the Vikings </b>- https://www.history.com/news/history-lists/6-things-we-owe-to-the-vikings<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Norwegian inventions </b>- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Norwegian_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>List of Swedish inventions </b>- http://svea.wikia.com/wiki/List_of_Swedish_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>List of Swedish inventors </b>- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_inventors<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Category:Swedish inventions</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Swedish_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>25 Things You Might Not Know Came From Sweden</b> - https://list25.com/25-things-you-might-not-know-came-from-sweden/<br />
<br />
<b>13 Inventions We Have to Thank Finland For</b> - https://theculturetrip.com/europe/finland/articles/13-inventions-we-have-to-thank-finland-for/<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Category:Finnish inventions</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Finnish_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Danish inventions</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Danish_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>Famous Danish inventions</b> - http://denmark.dk/en/meet-the-danes/famous-danish-inventions<br />
<br />
<b>Three brilliant inventions that Denmark ignored</b> - http://sciencenordic.com/three-brilliant-inventions-denmark-ignored<br />
<br />
<b>Timeline of Polish science and technology</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Polish_science_and_technology<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Polish inventions</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Polish_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>List of Croatian inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Croatian_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>List of Greek inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Greek inventions</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_inventions<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{You can't even list all of the inventions invented by the ancient Greeks, this includes all the </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">vast knowledge and libraries that burnt down that contained lost knowledge}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<b>List of Serbian inventions and discoveries</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>List of Serbian inventors and discoverers</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventors_and_discoverers<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Hungarian inventions</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>Top ten Romanian inventions </b>- http://positivenewsromania.com/2016/04/28/top-ten-romanian-inventions/<br />
<br />
<b>List of Romanian inventors and discoverers</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_inventors_and_discoverers<br />
<br />
<b>List of Slovaks</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovaks<br />
<br />
<b>List of Bulgarian inventors and discoverers</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_inventors_and_discoverers<br />
<br />
<b>Inventions of Ukrainians, which the world cherishes</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_inventions world cherishes<br />
<br />
<b>Inventions of Ukrainians, which the world cherishes</b> - http://uprom.info/en/blogs/istoriya/vinahodi-ukrayintsiv-yakimi-dorozhit-ves-svit/<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Ukrainian inventions </b>- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_inventions<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<b>The Most Significant Current Discoveries (Czech)</b> - http://www.czech.cz/en/66499-the-most-significant-current-discoveries<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Inventions by country</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Inventions_by_country<br />
<br />
<b>European Inventions </b>- https://europeisnotdead.com/video/broadcasts-of-europe/european-inventions/<br />
<br />
<b>Category:Russian inventions </b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_inventions<br />
<br />
<b>Timeline of Russian innovation</b> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">List of Indian inventions and discoveries - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">List of Japanese inventions and discoveries<span style="font-weight: normal;"> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_inventions_and_discoveries </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">List of Chinese inventions - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chinese_inventions</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">List of Korean inventions and discoveries - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Korean_inventions_and_discoveries</span></h1>
<b>World famous inventions of Vietnamese</b> - http://english.vietnamnet.vn/fms/special-reports/127464/world-famous-inventions-of-vietnamese.html<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">Category:Vietnamese inventions</span> <span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_inventions</span></span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">List of Thai inventions and discoveries</span><span style="font-size: small;"> - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thai_inventions_and_discoveries</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">---------- </span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: small;">{There are also many ancient inventions by the Mongolian people that are often rarely even mentioned over the internet}.</span></span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: small;">--------- </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">List of Malaysian inventions and discoveries </span>- </span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_inventions_and_discoveries</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"> ---------------</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">List of Indonesian inventions and discoveries </span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_inventions_and_discoveries</span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></h1>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="color: #38761d;"><span style="font-size: small;">{Why is it that South Asia does not have as many inventions as East Asia, such as Japan, Korea and China. We can see that the nations with more developed technology also have a problem with more pollution than with undeveloped countries. China does have on average a high IQ rate, but they really are a bunch of idiots when it comes to how they trash their environment}.</span></span></h1>
---------------<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Let's face it, white people have really good DNA for mixing with other races, can we all agree?</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>I can see why other races would want to reproduce with a white person, to where your DNA gets many advantages to having European DNA. We can see how so many of the most beautiful women in different countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, etc are half Asian and half white. Of course native Asian women are just as beautiful and have their own unique beauty, but </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>some of the mixed race women coming out of Asia are very adorable. </b></span><br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>We can see why white women are some of the most demanded women in the world, for dozens of different reasons. We just don't want to lose our identity including traits as a people, the European people must fight and resist genocide from the European Union. We can see that any group or any race of people want to see more of their people thrive and expand, and not face genocide}.</b></span><br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{Let us now take a look at how Europeans were some of the first groups of people to travel to America}.</span></b><br />
<br />
-------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"> <b>The Mysterious Dark Ages (HD Ancient Middle Ages History Documentary) </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eDG5jtGGdWU <br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="DNA Evidence Provides Proof Egypt Was Founded By Central Europeans">DNA Evidence Provides Proof Egypt Was Founded By Central Europeans </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="DNA Evidence Provides Proof Egypt Was Founded By Central Europeans"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 class="watch-title-container">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="watch-title" dir="ltr" id="eow-title" title="DNA Evidence Provides Proof Egypt Was Founded By Central Europeans">July 5, 2017 </span></span></h1>
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WIBkwzwioA<br />
<br />
--- <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>PREHISTORIC HUMANS IN THE NEW WORLD (AMAZING ANCIENT HISTORY DOCUMENTARY)</b> - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4Ozox0FIO8 <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>THE REAL TRUTH ABOUT VIKINGS (INCREDIBLE HISTORY DOCUMENTARY)</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1w7e46pHuc -<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Viking Deception | Top Documentary Films | History Documentary</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Mar 29, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnVzXojR__0<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Europeans & Asians In Prehistoric America : Journey to 10,000 BC - Science Documentaries</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Nov 28, 2014<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zz91Gzk-pPA<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Native Americans actually came from a tiny mountain region in Siberia, DNA research reveals</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2092258/Native-Americans-actually-came-tiny-mountain-region-Russia-DNA-research-reveals.html<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</b></span><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Prehistoric Europeans. First Native Americans (1 of 3)</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GS5eDwYePiQ<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Mysterious sunstones in medieval Viking texts could really have worked</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
A new study says Vikings could have used these stones to navigate to Greenland.<br />
<br />
https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/04/mysterious-sunstones-in-medieval-viking-texts-could-really-have-worked/<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: large;">DNA Results of Ancient Native American Mummies - ROBERT SEPEHR</span></h1>
<br />
<span class="date style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer"> Mar 18, 2018</span><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfOZg3X_GmA<br />
<br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>FINALLY: DNA Results Of The Paracas Elongated Skulls Of Peru: Part 1 </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span class="date style-scope ytd-video-secondary-info-renderer">Feb 5, 2018</span><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1k_b-jmz3k<br />
<br />
<br />
---------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Origin of the Blue Eyes: The Ancient 'Gods' and Their Royal Descendants</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://humansarefree.com/2014/04/the-origin-of-blue-eyes-ancient-gods.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>First South Americans were Black Aborigines</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
May 9, 2012<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6IrMjfbh6E<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Africans Who Discovered America Thousands Of Years Before Columbus</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
Mar 01, 2013<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.nairaland.com/1212037/africans-discovered-america-thousands-years<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="article-intro-container">
<div class="article-intro-text-container">
<div class="article-title">
<h1>
<span style="font-size: large;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mysterious Nubian Stone Tablets Have Been Discovered in a Vast African 'City of The Dead</span>'</span></span> </h1>
</div>
<div class="article-introtext">
<br />
This is one of Africa's oldest written languages.</div>
<div class="author-name">
<div class="author-name-text">
<div class="author-name-name floatstyle">
<br /></div>
<div class="author-name-name floatstyle">
</div>
<div class="author-name-date floatstyle">
12 APR 2018<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="author-name-date floatstyle">
</div>
<div class="author-name-date floatstyle">
https://www.sciencealert.com/nubian-funerary-artefacts-meroitic-texts-found-in-sedeinga-sudan?perpetual=yes&limitstart=1 </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> Chapter 4: Genetic disorders and diseases (Dysgenics)</b><br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
---------------- <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{We are for promoting and
expanding all human races to live together in peace and harmony. We even
believe that all human races should be able to travel to space, and
expand all the races on different planets and even possibly some moons. We could even
gather and harvest many ideas, from trillions of people in the Universe.
We can eliminate disease and poverty, and work on making the Universe a
better place for all to live}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>List of genetic disorders</b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_disorders<br />
<br />
<table border="1" class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter"><caption>Sortable table</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Disorder name</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Mutation type</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Chromosome</th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1p36_deletion_syndrome" title="1p36 deletion syndrome">1p36 deletion syndrome</a></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>1p36</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18p_deletion_syndrome" title="18p deletion syndrome">18p deletion syndrome</a></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>18p</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-hydroxylase_deficiency" title="21-hydroxylase deficiency">21-hydroxylase deficiency</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>6p21.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>47,XXX<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_X_syndrome" title="Triple X syndrome">triple X syndrome</a></small></td>
<td>C</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>47,XXY<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">Klinefelter syndrome</a></small></td>
<td>C</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5-ALA dehydratase-deficient porphyria<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALA_dehydratase_deficiency" title="ALA dehydratase deficiency">ALA dehydratase deficiency</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AAT<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin_deficiency" title="Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency">alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>14q32</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceruloplasminemia" title="Aceruloplasminemia">aceruloplasminemia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>3p26.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondrogenesis_type_II" title="Achondrogenesis type II">Achondrogenesis type II</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>12q13.11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondroplasia" title="Achondroplasia">achondroplasia</a></td>
<td>substitution</td>
<td>4p16.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acrocephaly<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apert_syndrome" title="Apert syndrome">Apert syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>10q26.13</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_intermittent_porphyria" title="Acute intermittent porphyria">acute intermittent porphyria</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylosuccinate_lyase_deficiency" title="Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency">adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophy" title="Adrenoleukodystrophy">Adrenoleukodystrophy</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagille_syndrome" title="Alagille syndrome">Alagille syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albinism" title="Albinism">Albinism</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_disease" title="Alexander disease">Alexander disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaptonuria" title="Alkaptonuria">alkaptonuria</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ALS<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alstr%C3%B6m_syndrome" title="Alström syndrome">Alström syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelogenesis_imperfecta" title="Amelogenesis imperfecta">Amelogenesis imperfecta</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Androgen insensitivity syndrome">androgen insensitivity syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome" title="Angelman syndrome">Angelman syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia" title="Ataxia telangiectasia">ataxia telangiectasia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B variant of the Hexosaminidase GM2 gangliosidosis<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhoff_disease" title="Sandhoff disease">Sandhoff disease</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beare-Stevenson_cutis_gyrata_syndrome" title="Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome">Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>10q26</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_syndrome" title="Benjamin syndrome">Benjamin syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotinidase_deficiency" title="Biotinidase deficiency">biotinidase deficiency</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defects" title="Birth defects">Birth Defects</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_syndrome" title="Bloom syndrome">Bloom syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>15q26.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birt%E2%80%93Hogg%E2%80%93Dub%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome">Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Broad Thumb-Hallux syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubinstein-Taybi_syndrome" title="Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome">Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CADASIL_syndrome" title="CADASIL syndrome">CADASIL syndrome</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CGD <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disorder" title="Chronic granulomatous disorder">Chronic granulomatous disorder</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campomelic_dysplasia" title="Campomelic dysplasia">Campomelic dysplasia</a></td>
<td>C</td>
<td>17q24.3-q25.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavan_disease" title="Canavan disease">Canavan disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Caylor cardiofacial syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22q11.2_deletion_syndrome" title="22q11.2 deletion syndrome">22q11.2 deletion syndrome</a></small></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>22q</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CF<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a></small></td>
<td>D (most common);<br />
or substitution</td>
<td>CFTR (7q31.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHARGE_syndrome" title="CHARGE syndrome">CHARGE syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Chondrodystrophy with dysplasia<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otospondylomegaepiphyseal_dysplasia" title="Otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia">otospondylomegaepiphyseal dysplasia</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockayne_syndrome" title="Cockayne syndrome">Cockayne syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin%E2%80%93Lowry_syndrome" title="Coffin–Lowry syndrome">Coffin–Lowry syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenopathy,_types_II_and_XI" title="Collagenopathy, types II and XI">collagenopathy, types II and XI</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowden_syndrome" title="Cowden syndrome">Cowden syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CPO deficiency<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_coproporphyria" title="Hereditary coproporphyria">hereditary coproporphyria</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri_du_chat" title="Cri du chat">Cri du chat</a></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>5p</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>,</td>
<td>P</td>
<td>16q12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouzon_syndrome" title="Crouzon syndrome">Crouzon syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>FGFR2 (10q25.3-q26)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouzonodermoskeletal_syndrome" title="Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome">Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>cutis gyrata syndrome of Beare-Stevenson<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beare-Stevenson_cutis_gyrata_syndrome" title="Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome">Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Genetic hypercalciuria<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent%27s_disease" title="Dent's disease">Dent's disease</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>Xp11.22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>de Grouchy syndrome 1<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Grouchy_syndrome" title="De Grouchy syndrome">De Grouchy syndrome</a></small></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>18p</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_George%27s_syndrome" title="Di George's syndrome">Di George's syndrome</a></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>22q</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuropathy" title="Distal hereditary motor neuropathy">distal hereditary motor neuropathy</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehlers%E2%80%93Danlos_syndrome" title="Ehlers–Danlos syndrome">Ehlers–Danlos syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Erythroblastic anemia<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-thalassemia" title="Beta-thalassemia">beta-thalassemia</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>FA<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">fanconi anemia</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabry_disease" title="Fabry disease">Fabry disease</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>Xq22.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_V_Leiden_thrombophilia" title="Factor V Leiden thrombophilia">factor V Leiden thrombophilia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_adenomatous_polyposis" title="Familial adenomatous polyposis">familial adenomatous polyposis</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_dysautonomia" title="Familial dysautonomia">familial dysautonomia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FG_syndrome" title="FG syndrome">FG syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G6PD_deficiency" title="G6PD deficiency">G6PD deficiency</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosemia" title="Galactosemia">galactosemia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher_disease" title="Gaucher disease">Gaucher disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glioma, retinal<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma" title="Retinoblastoma">retinoblastoma</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glycine encephalopathy<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonketotic_hyperglycinemia" title="Nonketotic hyperglycinemia">Nonketotic hyperglycinemia</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Haemochromatosis<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemochromatosis" title="Hemochromatosis">hemochromatosis</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_type_ichthyosis" title="Harlequin type ichthyosis">Harlequin type ichthyosis</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophilia" title="Hemophilia">hemophilia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoerythropoietic_porphyria" title="Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria">hepatoerythropoietic porphyria</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_coproporphyria" title="Hereditary coproporphyria">Hereditary coproporphyria</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>3q12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_hemorrhagic_telangiectasia" title="Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia">Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia</a> (HHT)</td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle_regeneration" title="Skeletal muscle regeneration">skeletal muscle regeneration</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_multiple_exostoses" title="Hereditary multiple exostoses">Hereditary multiple exostoses</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hereditary spastic paraplegia<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile-onset_ascending_hereditary_spastic_paralysis" title="Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis">infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hereditary spinal ataxia<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HNPP<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_neuropathy_with_liability_to_pressure_palsies" title="Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies">hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocystinuria" title="Homocystinuria">homocystinuria</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></td>
<td>T</td>
<td>4p16.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progeria" title="Progeria">progeria</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperoxaluria,_primary" title="Hyperoxaluria, primary">hyperoxaluria, primary</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphenylalaninemia" title="Hyperphenylalaninemia">hyperphenylalaninemia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondrogenesis" title="Hypochondrogenesis">Hypochondrogenesis</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondroplasia" title="Hypochondroplasia">Hypochondroplasia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>4p16.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ICF syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency,_centromere_instability_and_facial_anomalies_syndrome" title="Immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies syndrome">Immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial anomalies syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>20q11.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti" title="Incontinentia pigmenti">Incontinentia pigmenti</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>Xq28</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile-onset_ascending_hereditary_spastic_paralysis" title="Infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis">infantile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paralysis</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Isodicentric 15<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isodicentric_15" title="Isodicentric 15">isodicentric 15</a></small></td>
<td>Inv dup</td>
<td>15q11-14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Jackson–Weiss syndrome">Jackson–Weiss syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joubert_syndrome" title="Joubert syndrome">Joubert syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JPLS<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_Primary_Lateral_Sclerosis" title="Juvenile Primary Lateral Sclerosis">Juvenile Primary Lateral Sclerosis</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS2" title="ALS2">ALS2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloid_disorder" title="Keloid disorder">Keloid disorder</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniest_dysplasia" title="Kniest dysplasia">Kniest dysplasia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabbe_disease" title="Krabbe disease">Krabbe disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesch-Nyhan_syndrome" title="Lesch-Nyhan syndrome">Lesch-Nyhan syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fraumeni_syndrome" title="Li-Fraumeni syndrome">Li-Fraumeni syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoprotein_lipase_deficiency,_familial" title="Lipoprotein lipase deficiency, familial">lipoprotein lipase deficiency, familial</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Albright_syndrome" title="McCune–Albright syndrome">McCune–Albright syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>20 q13.2-13.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod_syndrome" title="McLeod syndrome">McLeod syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MEDNIK<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_disorders#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_disorders#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></td>
<td>D</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1S1" title="AP1S1">AP1S1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_fever,_familial" title="Mediterranean fever, familial">Mediterranean fever, familial</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkes_disease" title="Menkes disease">Menkes disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mental retardation with osteocartilaginous abnormalities<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin%E2%80%93Lowry_syndrome" title="Coffin–Lowry syndrome">Coffin–Lowry syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobinemia#beta-globin_type" title="Methemoglobinemia">Methemoglobinemia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonic_acidemia" title="Methylmalonic acidemia">methylmalonic acidemia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_syndrome" title="Micro syndrome">Micro syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>2q21.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly" title="Microcephaly">Microcephaly</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>1q31 (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASPM_%28Gene%29" title="ASPM (Gene)">ASPM</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowat-Wilson_syndrome" title="Mowat-Wilson syndrome">Mowat-Wilson syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucopolysaccharidosis" title="Mucopolysaccharidosis">Mucopolysaccharidosis</a> (MPS I)</td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muenke_syndrome" title="Muenke syndrome">Muenke syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">Muscular dystrophy</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy,_Duchenne_and_Becker_type" title="Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type">Muscular dystrophy, Duchenne and Becker type</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotonic_dystrophy" title="Myotonic dystrophy">myotonic dystrophy</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I" title="Neurofibromatosis type I">Neurofibromatosis type I</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>17q11.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_II" title="Neurofibromatosis type II">Neurofibromatosis type II</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Niemann-Pick<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease" title="Niemann–Pick disease">Niemann–Pick disease</a></small></td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease#Classification" title="Niemann–Pick disease">NPA</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease#Classification" title="Niemann–Pick disease">NPB</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPC1" title="NPC1">NPC1</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPC2" title="NPC2">NPC2</a>,<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin_phosphodiesterase_1" title="Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1">Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1</a></td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMPD1" title="SMPD1">SMPD1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Nonketotic hyperglycinemia<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_encephalopathy" title="Glycine encephalopathy">Glycine encephalopathy</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsyndromic_deafness" title="Nonsyndromic deafness">nonsyndromic deafness</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonan_syndrome" title="Noonan syndrome">Noonan syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Syndrome" title="Ogden Syndrome">Ogden syndrome</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta" title="Osteogenesis imperfecta">osteogenesis imperfecta</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patau_syndrome" title="Patau syndrome">Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PCC deficiency<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionic_acidemia" title="Propionic acidemia">propionic acidemia</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PCT<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyria_cutanea_tarda" title="Porphyria cutanea tarda">porphyria cutanea tarda</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendred_syndrome" title="Pendred syndrome">Pendred syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peutz-Jeghers_syndrome" title="Peutz-Jeghers syndrome">Peutz-Jeghers syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeiffer_syndrome" title="Pfeiffer syndrome">Pfeiffer syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylketonuria" title="Phenylketonuria">phenylketonuria</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease" title="Polycystic kidney disease">Polycystic kidney disease</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_16" title="Chromosome 16">16</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKD1" title="PKD1">PKD1</a>) or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_4" title="Chromosome 4">4</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKD2" title="PKD2">PKD2</a>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_Ovarian_Syndrome" title="Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome">Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome</a> (PCOS)</td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prader-Willi_syndrome" title="Prader-Willi syndrome">Prader-Willi syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_ciliary_dyskinesia" title="Primary ciliary dyskinesia">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD)</td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_pulmonary_hypertension" title="Primary pulmonary hypertension">primary pulmonary hypertension</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_C_deficiency" title="Protein C deficiency">protein C deficiency</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_S_deficiency" title="Protein S deficiency">protein S deficiency</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>protoporphyria<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietic_protoporphyria" title="Erythropoietic protoporphyria">erythropoietic protoporphyria</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Prion disease</td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Gaucher_disease" title="Pseudo-Gaucher disease">pseudo-Gaucher disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoxanthoma_elasticum" title="Pseudoxanthoma elasticum">pseudoxanthoma elasticum</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>RSTS<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubinstein-Taybi_syndrome" title="Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome">Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%E2%80%93Jampel_syndrome" title="Schwartz–Jampel syndrome">Schwartz–Jampel syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SED congenita<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondyloepiphyseal_dysplasia_congenita" title="Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita">spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_anemia" title="Sickle cell anemia">sickle cell anemia</a></td>
<td>P</td>
<td>11p15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Siderius X-linked mental retardation syndrome<br />
<small><i>caused by mutations in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHF8" title="PHF8">PHF8</a> gene</i></small></td>
<td>PD</td>
<td>Xp11.22</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith-Lemli-Opitz_syndrome" title="Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome">Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Magenis_Syndrome" title="Smith Magenis Syndrome">Smith Magenis Syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">spinal muscular atrophy</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">spinocerebellar ataxia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SSB syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SADDAN" title="SADDAN">SADDAN</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stickler_syndrome" title="Stickler syndrome">Stickler syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Strudwick syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondyloepimetaphyseal_dysplasia,_Strudwick_type" title="Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type">spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay-Sachs_disease" title="Tay-Sachs disease">Tay-Sachs disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin_deficiency" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency">tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanatophoric_dysplasia" title="Thanatophoric dysplasia">thanatophoric dysplasia</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treacher_Collins_syndrome" title="Treacher Collins syndrome">Treacher Collins syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>5q32-q33.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Trisomy 21<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>TSC1, TSC2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Turner's syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_syndrome" title="Usher syndrome">Usher syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegate_porphyria" title="Variegate porphyria">variegate porphyria</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Hippel-Lindau_disease" title="Von Hippel-Lindau disease">von Hippel-Lindau disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waardenburg_syndrome" title="Waardenburg syndrome">Waardenburg syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weissenbacher-Zweym%C3%BCller_syndrome" title="Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome">Weissenbacher-Zweymüller syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Syndrome" title="Williams Syndrome">Williams Syndrome</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_disease" title="Wilson disease">Wilson disease</a></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Hirschhorn_syndrome" title="Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome">Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome</a></td>
<td>D</td>
<td>4p</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeroderma_pigmentosum" title="Xeroderma pigmentosum">Xeroderma pigmentosum</a></td>
<td>ERCC4</td>
<td>15</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>X-linked mental retardation and macroorchidism<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">fragile X syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>X-linked spinal-bulbar muscle atrophy<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>X-SCID<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_severe_combined_immunodeficiency" title="X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency">X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>XLSA<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_sideroblastic_anemia" title="X-linked sideroblastic anemia">X-linked sideroblastic anemia</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>XXXX syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48,_XXXX" title="48, XXXX">48, XXXX</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>XXXXX syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49,_XXXXX" title="49, XXXXX">49, XXXXX</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>XYY syndrome<br />
<small><i>see</i> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47,XYY_syndrome" title="47,XYY syndrome">47,XYY syndrome</a></small></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td>X</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetic_disorders<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Genetic Disorders in Arab Populations</b><br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.cags.org.ae/cbc02ga.pdf<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Over 750 Genetic Disorders in Arab populations}</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Medical genetics of Jews</b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_genetics_of_Jews<br />
<br />
The
medical genetics of Jews is the study, screening, and treatment of
genetic disorders more common in particular Jewish populations than in
the population as a whole. The genetics of Ashkenazi Jews have been
particularly well-studied, resulting in the discovery of many genetic
disorders associated with this ethnic group. In contrast, the medical
genetics of Sephardic Jews and Mizrahi Jews are more complicated, since
they are more genetically diverse and consequently no genetic disorders
are more common in these groups as a whole; instead, they tend to have
the genetic diseases common in their various countries of origin.
Several organizations, such as Dor Yeshorim, offer screening for
Ashkenazi genetic diseases, and these screening programs have had a
significant impact, in particular by reducing the number of cases of
Tay–Sachs disease.<br />
Ashkenazi diseases<br />
<br />
The most
detailed genetic analysis study of Ashkenazi was published in September
2014 by Shai Carmi and his team at Columbia University. The results
of the detailed study show that today's 10 million Ashkenazi Jews
descend from a population of only 350 individuals who lived about
600–800 years ago. That population derived from both Europe and the
Middle East. There is evidence that the population bottleneck may
have allowed deleterious alleles to become more prevalent in the
population due to genetic drift. As a result, this group has been
particularly intensively studied, so many mutations have been identified
as common in Ashkenazis. Of these diseases, many also occur in
other Jewish groups and in non-Jewish populations, although the specific
mutation which causes the disease may vary between populations. For
example, two different mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene causes
Gaucher's disease in Ashkenazis, which is their most common genetic
disease, but only one of these mutations is found in non-Jewish
groups. A few diseases are unique to this group; for example,
familial dysautonomia is almost unknown in other populations.<br />
Genetic disorders common in Ashkenazi Jews<br />
<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter"><caption>Genetic disorders common in Ashkenazi Jews</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Disease</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Mode of inheritance</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Gene</th>
<th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Carrier frequency</th>
</tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Favism</a></td>
<td align="center">X-linked</td>
<td align="center"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G6PD" title="G6PD">G6PD</a></i></td>
<td align="center"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_syndrome" title="Bloom syndrome">Bloom syndrome</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_syndrome_protein" title="Bloom syndrome protein"><i>BLM</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian cancer</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal dominant</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">BRCA1</a></i> or <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA2" title="BRCA2">BRCA2</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/100 and 1/75, respectively</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavan_disease" title="Canavan disease">Canavan disease</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASPA_%28gene%29" title="ASPA (gene)"><i>ASPA</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/60</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_deafness" title="Congenital deafness">Congenital deafness</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJB2" title="GJB2">GJB2</a></i> or <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJB6" title="GJB6">GJB6</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator"><i>CFTR</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/25</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemophilia_C" title="Haemophilia C">Haemophilia C</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_XI" title="Factor XI"><i>F11</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_dysautonomia" title="Familial dysautonomia">Familial dysautonomia</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKBKAP" title="IKBKAP">IKBKAP</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hypercholesterolemia" title="Familial hypercholesterolemia">Familial hypercholesterolemia</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal dominant</td>
<td align="center"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDLR" title="LDLR">LDLR</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/69</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hyperinsulinism" title="Familial hyperinsulinism">Familial hyperinsulinism</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCC8" title="ABCC8">ABCC8</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/125–1/160</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia C</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanconi_anemia,_complementation_group_C" title="Fanconi anemia, complementation group C">FACC</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaucher_disease" title="Gaucher disease">Gaucher disease</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocerebrosidase" title="Glucocerebrosidase"><i>GBA</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/7–1/18</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_type_I" title="Glycogen storage disease type I">Glycogen Storage Disease type 1a</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G6PC" title="G6PC">G6PC</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/71</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucolipidosis_IV" title="Mucolipidosis IV">Mucolipidosis IV</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCOLN1" title="MCOLN1">MCOLN1</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/110</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemann%E2%80%93Pick_disease" title="Niemann–Pick disease">Niemann–Pick (type A)</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMPD1" title="SMPD1">SMPD1</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/90</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia_due_to_21-hydroxylase_deficiency" title="Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency">Nonclassical 21 OHase deficiency</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPY21" title="CPY21">CPY21</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal dominant</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRRK2" title="LRRK2">LRRK2</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/42</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Tay–Sachs">Tay–Sachs</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEXA" title="HEXA">HEXA</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/25–1/30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_dystonia" title="Torsion dystonia">Torsion dystonia</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal dominant</td>
<td align="center"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYT1" title="DYT1">DYT1</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/4000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_syndrome" title="Usher syndrome">Usher syndrome</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCDH15" title="PCDH15">PCDH15</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/72</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b>Tay–Sachs disease</b><br />
<br />
Tay–Sachs
disease, which can present as a fatal illness of children that causes
mental deterioration prior to death, was historically more prevalent
among Ashkenazi Jews, although high levels of the disease are also found
in some Pennsylvania Dutch, southern Louisiana Cajun, and eastern
Quebec French Canadian populations.[20] Since the 1970s, however,
proactive genetic testing has been quite effective in eliminating
Tay–Sachs from the Ashkenazi Jewish population.<br />
<br />
<b>Lipid transport diseases</b><br />
<br />
Gaucher's
disease, in which lipids accumulate in inappropriate locations, occurs
most frequently among Ashkenazi Jews; the mutation is carried by roughly
one in every 15 Ashkenazi Jews, compared to one in 100 of the general
American population. Gaucher's disease can cause brain damage and
seizures, but these effects are not usually present in the form
manifested among Ashkenazi Jews; while sufferers still bruise easily,
and it can still potentially rupture the spleen, it generally has only a
minor impact on life expectancy.<br />
<br />
Ashkenazi Jews are
also highly affected by other lysosomal storage diseases, particularly
in the form of lipid storage disorders. Compared to other ethnic groups,
they more frequently act as carriers of mucolipidosis and
Niemann–Pick disease, the latter of which can prove fatal.<br />
<br />
The
occurrence of several lysosomal storage disorders in the same
population suggests the alleles responsible might have conferred some
selective advantage in the past. This would be similar to the hemoglobin
allele which is responsible for sickle-cell disease, but solely in
people with two copies; those with just one copy of the allele have a
sickle cell trait and gain partial immunity to malaria as a result. This
effect is called heterozygote advantage.<br />
<br />
Some of these
disorders may have become common in this population due to selection
for high levels of intelligence (see Ashkenazi intelligence). However,
other research suggests no difference is found between the frequency of
this group of diseases and other genetic diseases in Ashkenazis, which
is evidence against any specific selectivity towards lysosomal
disorders.<br />
<br />
<b>Familial dysautonomia</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Diseases inherited in an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autosomal_recessive" title="Autosomal recessive">autosomal recessive</a> pattern often occur in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a> populations. Among Ashkenazi Jews, a higher incidence of specific <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorders" title="Genetic disorders">genetic disorders</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary" title="Hereditary">hereditary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> have been verified, including:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colorectal cancer</a> due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_nonpolyposis_colorectal_cancer" title="Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer">hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_adrenal_hyperplasia" title="Congenital adrenal hyperplasia">Congenital adrenal hyperplasia</a> (nonclassical form) </li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain_with_anhidrosis" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis">Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> (the <i>NOD2/CARD15</i> locus appears to be implicated)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joubert_syndrome" title="Joubert syndrome">Joubert syndrome</a>
type 2 is disproportionately frequent among people of Jewish descent;
this has been attributed to the resistance to intermarriage of this
population.</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup_urine_disease" title="Maple syrup urine disease">Maple syrup urine disease</a> </li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucolipidosis_IV" title="Mucolipidosis IV">Mucolipidosis IV</a> </li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonsyndromic_hearing_loss_and_deafness" title="Nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness">Nonsyndromic hearing loss and deafness</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFNB1" title="DFNB1">DFNB1</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">connexin</a> 26) </li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> (<i>G2019S</i>/<i>LRRK2</i> mutation; The <i>LRRK2</i>
mutation on the main haplotype, shared by Ashkenazi Jews, North
Africans, and Europeans, initially arose in the Near East at least 4000
years ago. Because of a founder effect, the ancestors of present-day
Ashkenazi Jews may have kept the low-frequency <i>G2019S</i> mutation
through the different diasporas, whereas Near Eastern daughter
populations lost the mutation. The mutation might then have been
"reintroduced by recurrent gene flow from Ashkenazi populations to other
Jewish, European, and North African populations. The present-day
frequency of the mutation in control populations (0.05% in Europeans,
0.5% in North-African Arabs and 1% in Ashkenazi Jews) may support this
scenario".)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a> (DNST3 gene variation)</li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Gierke_disease" title="Von Gierke disease">Von Gierke disease</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zellweger_syndrome" title="Zellweger syndrome">Zellweger syndrome</a></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-Ashkenazi_disorders">Non-Ashkenazi disorders</span></span></h2>
In contrast to the Ashkenazi population, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>
are much more divergent groups, with ancestors from Spain, Portugal,
Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Italy, Libya, the Balkans, Iran, Iraq, India,
and Yemen, with specific genetic disorders found in each regional
group, or even in specific subpopulations in these regions.<br />
<br />
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<caption><b>Genetic disorders common in Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews</b></caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Disease</th>
<th>Mode of inheritance</th>
<th><i>Gene</i> or enzyme</th>
<th>Carrier frequency</th>
<th>Populations</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculocutaneous_albinism" title="Oculocutaneous albinism">Oculocutaneous albinism</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">TYR</a></td>
<td align="center">1/30</td>
<td align="center">Morocco</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia" title="Ataxia telangiectasia">Ataxia telangiectasia</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_%28gene%29" title="ATM (gene)"><i>ATM</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/80</td>
<td align="center">Morocco, Tunisia</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal dominant</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNP" title="PRNP">PRNP</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/24,000</td>
<td align="center">Libya</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrotendinous_xanthomatosis" title="Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis">Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP27A1" title="CYP27A1">CYP27A1</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/70</td>
<td align="center">Morocco</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystinuria" title="Cystinuria">Cystinuria</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC7A9" title="SLC7A9">SLC7A9</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/25</td>
<td align="center">Libya</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever" title="Familial Mediterranean fever">Familial Mediterranean fever</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEFV" title="MEFV">MEFV</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/5–7</td>
<td align="center">All MENA (Middle Eastern and North African countries).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_storage_disease_III" title="Glycogen storage disease III">Glycogen storage disease III</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGL_%28gene%29" title="AGL (gene)"><i>AGL</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/35</td>
<td align="center">Morocco, North Africa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_girdle_muscular_dystrophy" title="Limb girdle muscular dystrophy">Limb girdle muscular dystrophy</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYSF" title="DYSF">DYSF</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/10</td>
<td align="center">Libya</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> Tay–Sachs</td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i>HEXA</i></td>
<td align="center">1/110</td>
<td align="center">Morocco</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-%CE%B2-hydroxylase_deficiency" title="11-β-hydroxylase deficiency">11-β-hydroxylase deficiency</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP11B1" title="CYP11B1">CYP11B1</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/30–1/128</td>
<td align="center">Morocco</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><caption> </caption></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><caption> </caption></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><caption> </caption></table>
<b>Genetic disorders common in Mizrahi Jews</b><br />
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><caption><br /></caption></table>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><caption><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rosner_1-5"> </sup></caption>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Disease</th>
<th>Mode of inheritance</th>
<th><i>Gene</i> or enzyme</th>
<th>Carrier frequency</th>
<th>Populations</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-thalassemia" title="Beta-thalassemia">Beta-thalassemia</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBB" title="HBB">HBB</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/6</td>
<td align="center">Iran, Iraq, Kurdistan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_VII_deficiency" title="Factor VII deficiency">Factor VII deficiency</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_VII" title="Factor VII"><i>F7</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/40</td>
<td align="center">Iran</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_Mediterranean_fever" title="Familial Mediterranean fever">Familial Mediterranean fever</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive, but heterozygous carriers also can show clinical manifestations.</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEFV" title="MEFV">MEFV</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/5–1/7</td>
<td align="center">Iraq, Iran, Armenia, North African Jews, Ashkenazi</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></td>
<td align="center">X-linked</td>
<td align="center"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G6PD" title="G6PD">G6PD</a></td>
<td align="center">1/4</td>
<td align="center">Iraq, esp. Kurdistan, Syria and all MENA countries.
Female heterozygotes can also show clinical symptoms due to lyonization
(X-inactivation) especially during pregnancy.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion_body_myopathy" title="Inclusion body myopathy">Inclusion body myopathy</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNE_%28gene%29" title="GNE (gene)"><i>GNE</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/12</td>
<td align="center">Iran</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metachromatic_leukodystrophy" title="Metachromatic leukodystrophy">Metachromatic leukodystrophy</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARSA_%28gene%29" title="ARSA (gene)"><i>ARSA</i></a></td>
<td align="center">1/50</td>
<td align="center">Yemen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculopharyngeal_muscular_dystrophy" title="Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy">Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal, recessive or dominant</td>
<td align="center"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PABPN1" title="PABPN1">PABPN1</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1/7</td>
<td align="center">Bukhara</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylketonuria" title="Phenylketonuria">Phenylketonuria</a></td>
<td align="center">Autosomal recessive</td>
<td align="center"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase" title="Phenylalanine hydroxylase">PAH</a></td>
<td align="center">1/35</td>
<td align="center">Yemen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_genetics_of_Jews<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Ashkenazi Jewish Genetic Panel (AJGP) - What Are Ashkenazi Jewish Genetic Diseases?</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Ashkenazi
Jewish genetic diseases are a group of rare disorders that occur more
often in people of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish heritage than in
the general population. Even though most of these diseases are severe
and can cause early death, some can be treated to reduce symptoms and
prolong life. Some of these diseases can be found during pregnancy
through chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. This testing
is done usually if one or both parents are carriers of a genetic
disease.<br />
<br />
Diseases in this group include:<br />
<br />
Bloom syndrome. Babies with this disease are born small and remain
shorter than normal as they grow. Their skin may look red, and they have
more lung and ear infections than children normally have.<br />
Canavan disease. This disease gradually destroys brain tissue.<br />
Cystic fibrosis. This disease causes very thick mucus in the lungs and problems with digesting food.<br />
Familial dysautonomia (FD). People with this problem cannot feel pain,
they sweat a lot, and they have trouble with speech and coordination.<br />
Fanconi anemia. People with this problem do not have enough blood cells
and have problems with the heart, kidneys, arms, or legs. They also are
more likely to get cancer.<br />
Gaucher disease. This disease
causes a type of fat called glucocerebroside to build up in certain
cells of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.<br />
Mucolipidosis IV. This problem causes the nervous system to deteriorate, or break down, over time.<br />
Niemann-Pick disease (type A). This disease causes a type of fat called
sphingomyelin to build up in cells of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes,
and bone marrow.<br />
Tay-Sachs disease. This disease causes a type
of fat called ganglioside to build up in the cells of the brain and
nervous system.<br />
Torsion dystonia. People with this problem
have ongoing spasms that twist the muscles in their arms, legs, and
sometimes their body. Testing for this condition may not always be done.<br />
<br />
About
1 out of 4 people of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage is a carrier of one of
these genetic conditions, most commonly of Gaucher disease, cystic
fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, familial dysautonomia, or Canavan disease.1<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.webmd.com/children/tc/ashkenazi-jewish-genetic-panel-ajgp-what-are-ashkenazi-jewish-genetic-diseases<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Jewish Genetic Disease Consortium (JGDC)</b><br />
<b>Sephardic and Mizrahi Diseases</b><br />
<br />
There
is no single preconception carrier-screening panel for people of
Sephardic or Mizrahi background. Carrier screening is dependent upon
country of origin. People of Sephardic or Mizrahi background should seek
genetic counseling.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.jewishgeneticdiseases.org/jewish-genetic-diseases/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>All About Genetic Diseases That Strike Sephardic Jews</b><br />
<br />
<br />
The
Forward Staff has compiled a guide to the most common heritable
“Sephardic Jewish diseases,” with information on symptoms, causes and
carrier rates for each, as well as the geographic regions from which
affected Jewish populations originate.<br />
<br />
<br />
These
diseases are mostly caused by recessive genetic mutations, meaning that
mutations must be present in both copies (alleles) of the gene for the
associated condition to be expressed. When both parents carry a given
mutation, each child of theirs has a 25% of developing the associated
disease. This is why couples with at least one partner of Sephardic or
Mizrahi origin are encouraged to undergo screening if they plan to have
children.<br />
<br />
<br />
Unlike Ashkenazi Jews, who share
ethnic commonalities regardless of country of origin,” Sephardi” is a
broad label. Subgroups like Moroccan Jews or Iranian Jews have distinct
characteristics, making universal screening panels for inherited genetic
diseases for all Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews impractical. Therefore,
it’s best to discuss one’s family heritage with a doctor or genetic
counselor in order to receive screening recommendations.<br />
<br />
<br />
The
Sephardic Health Organization for Referral and Education recommends
that non-Ashkenazi Jewish couples get tested for the 19 most common
Ashkenazi Jewish diseases as well — because some of the diseases, such
as cystic fibrosis and spinal muscular atrophy, can also be found among
non-Ashkenazi populations. Screenings usually require blood samples.<br />
<br />
Data
on the estimated carrier frequency and the affected Jewish population
are courtesy of the Jewish Genetic Disease Consortium in New York.<br />
<br />
<br />
Dr.
Adele Schneider, the medical director of the Einstein Victor Center for
the Prevention of Jewish Genetic Diseases in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, has contributed to this section.<br />
<br />
<br />
(1) Alpha Thalassemia<br />
<br />
(2) Ataxia Telangiectasia<br />
<br />
(3) Beta Thalassemia<br />
<br />
(4) Corticosterone Methyloxidase Type 2 Deficiency<br />
<br />
(5) Costeff Optical Atrophy<br />
<br />
(6) Cystic Fibrosis<br />
<br />
(7) Familial Mediterranean Fever<br />
<br />
(8) Glycogen Storage Disease Type 3<br />
<br />
(9) G6PD Deficiency<br />
<br />
(10) Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy<br />
<br />
(11) Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2B<br />
<br />
(12) Metachromatic Leukodystrophy<br />
<br />
(13) Normophosphatemic Familial Tumoral Calcinosis<br />
<br />
(14) Polyglandular Deficiency Syndrome<br />
<br />
(15) Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency<br />
<br />
(16) Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1A<br />
<br />
(17) Wolman's Disease<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://forward.com/culture/203321/all-about-genetic-diseases-that-strike-sephardic-j/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Genetic Diseases</b><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">Jewish</span></h2>
There are several genetic disease mutations that occur at increased
frequencies in the Ashkenazi Jewish (Central & Eastern European),
Sephardi Jewish (Southern European and Northern African), and Mizrahi
Jewish (Middle Eastern/Arab) populations. <b>The Mount Sinai Comprehensive Jewish Carrier Screening Panel covers 96 conditions</b>
that fall into this category. Some disorders are specific to one of the
3 sub-populations; however, there are certain diseases that are
relevant to all Jewish sub-groups. Because these disorders are inherited
in an autosomal recessive or X-linked manner, if you are of Jewish
descent you may be at risk for being a carrier for a genetic disorder
without even knowing it. Some of the most common diseases are listed
below.<br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/abetalipoproteinemia/" title="Abetalipoproteinemia">Abetalipoproteinemia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/alport-syndrome/" title="Alport Syndrome">Alport Syndrome</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/arthrogryposis-multiplex-congenita-amc/" title="Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita">Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/bardet-biedl-syndrome/" title="Bardet-Biedl Syndrome">Bardet-Biedl Syndrome</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/bloom-syndrome/" title="Bloom Syndrome">Bloom Syndrome</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/canavan-disease/" title="Canavan">Canavan Disease</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/carnitine-palmitoyltransferase-ii-deficiency/" title="CPT II Deficiency">Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II Deficiency</a><br />
Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia<br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/congenital-disorder-of-glycosylation-cdg-ia/" title="Congenital Disorder of Glycosation Ia">Congenital Disorder of Glycosylation Ia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/dyskeratosis-congenita/" title="Dyskeratosis Congenita">Dyskeratosis Congenita</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/ehlers-danlos-viic-dermatosparaxis/" title="Ehlers-Danlos VIIC">Ehlers-Danlos VIIC</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/familial-dysautonomia/" title="Familial Dysatomia">Familial Dysautonomia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/familial-hyperinsulinism/" title="Familial Hyperinsulinism">Familial Hyperinsulinism</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/fanconi-anemia-type-c/" title="Fanconi Anemia">Fanconi Anemia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/galactosemia-galt/" title="Galactosemia">Galactosemia</a> (also more frequent among people of Irish descent)<br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/gaucher-disease-type-i/" title="Gaucher">Gaucher Disease (Type I)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/glycogen-storage-disease-1a/://" title="Glycogen Storage Disease">Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/joubert-syndrome-2/" title="Joubert">Joubert Syndrome 2</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/lipoamide-dehydrogenase-deficiency/" title="Lipoamide">Lipoamide Dehydrogenase Deficiency (E3)</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/maple-syrup-urine-disease/" title="Maple Syrup Urine Disease">Maple Syrup Urine Disease</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/mucolipidosis-type-iv/" title="Mucolipidosis">Mucolipidosis Type IV</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/nemaline-myopathy/" title="Nemaline Myopathy">Nemaline Myopathy</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/niemann-pick-type-a-disease/" title="Niemann-Pick Type A">Niemann-Pick Type A</a><br />
3-Phospoglycerate Dehydrogenase Deficiency<br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/polycystic-kidney-disease-pkd/" title="Polycistic Kidney Disease">Polycystic Kidney Disease</a><br />
Retinitis Pigmentosa 59<br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/smith-limli-opitz-syndrome-slos/" title="Smith-Limli Opitz">Smith-Limli-Opitz Syndrome</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/spinal-muscular-atrophy/" title="Spinal Muscular Atrophy">Spinal Muscular Atrophy</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/tay-sachs-disease/" title="Tay Sachs Disease">Tay-Sachs Disease</a> (also more frequent among French Canadians, Cajuns, and people of Irish/British descent)<br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/tyrosinemia-type-i/" title="Tyrosinemia Type I"> Tyrosinemia I</a> (also more frequent in Norwegians, Finnish, French Canadians)<br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/usher-syndrome/">Usher Syndrome</a> (IF & III)<br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/walker-warburg-syndrome/">Walker-Warburg Syndrome</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/wilson-disease/" title="Wilson Disease">Wilson Disease</a><br />
<a href="http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/zellweger-syndrome/" title="Zellweger Syndrome">Zellweger Syndrome</a><br />
<br />
http://www.geneticdiseasefoundation.org/genetic-diseases/<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<b>The population genetics of the Jewish people</b><br />
<br />
Oct 2012<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543766/<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title medium-heading">
<span style="font-size: small;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease among Libyan Jews</span></h1>
Sep 1991<br />
<br />
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520745?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Jewish Genetics: 75% of Jews Are Lactose Intolerant and 11 Other Facts</b><br />
<br />
July 8, 2015<br />
<br />
Almost
half of Ashkenazim carry at least one of 38 genetic diseases, and our
closest genetic relatives are Druze, Bedouin, Palestinians - and
Italians.<br />
<br />
Is there such a thing as a “Jewish gene”? No, there isn't.<br />
<br />
http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/science/.premium-1.664967<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Genetic studies on Arabs</b><br />
<br />
The
Centre for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) oversees genetic analyses on the
populations of the Arab world. Based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, it
indicates that Arab countries have among the highest rates of genetic
disorders in the world. Some 906 pathologies are endemic to the Arab
states, including thalassaemia, Tourette's syndrome, Wilson's disease,
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, mitochondrial encephalomyopathies and
Niemann-Pick disease.<br />
<br />
<br />
Genetic diseases Databases in Arabic countries and studies<br />
<br />
Several
organizations maintain genetic databases for each Arabic country. The
Centre for Arab Genomic Studies (CAGS) is the main organization based in
the United Arab Emirates. It initiated a pilot project to construct the
Catalogue for Transmission Genetics in Arabs (CTGA) database for
genetic disorders in Arab populations. At present, the CTGA database is
centrally maintained in Dubai, and hosts entries for nearly 1540
Mendelian disorders and related genes. This number is increasing as
researchers are joining the largest Arab scientific effort to define
genetic disorders described in the region. The Center promotes research
studies on these emergent disorders. Some of the genetic disorders
endemic to the Arab world are: hemoglobinopathy, sickle cell anemia,
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and fragile X syndrome
(FXS), which is an inherited genetic condition with critical
consequences. The Centre provide information about specific countries,
and maintain a list of Genomic diseases.<br />
<br />
Specific rare
autosomal recessive diseases are high in Arabic countries like Bardet
Biedl syndrome, Meckel syndrome, congenital chloride diarrhea, severe
childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy (SMARMD) Lysosomal
storage diseases and PKU are high in the Gulf states. Dr Teebi's book
provides detailed information and by country. Even the Middle East
respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was first identified in
Saudi Arabia last year, it has infected 77 people, mostly in the Middle
East and Europe. Forty of them - more than half - have died. But MERS
is not yet a pandemic, could become pervasive in genetic disease
patient. <br />
<br />
Dr Thurman' guidebook about Rare genetic
diseases another book Arabic genetic disorders layman guide Suadi
Journal article about genetic diseases in Arabic countries The highest
proportion of genetic disorders manifestations are: congenital
malformations followed by endocrine metabolic disorders and then by
Neuron disorders (such as Neuromotor disease)and then by blood immune
disorders and then neoplasms. The Mode of Inheritance is mainly
autosomal recessive followed by autosomal dominant. Some of the diseases
are beta-thalassemia mutations, sickle-cell disease, congenital
heart-disease, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency,
alpha-thalassemia, molecular characterization, recessive osteoperosis,
gluthanione-reducatsafe DEf. A study about sickle cell anemia in Arabs
article about Birth defects 6Glucose Phisphate isomere deficiency
responsible for unexpected hemolytic episodes. one of late Dr Teebi's
syndromes. flash cards guide. NY times article In Palestinian Arabs
study study about potential on pharmacology another study on Arab
Palestinians Database of Genetic disorders in Arabs study In
Palestinians new general study about databases Database for B
thalassemia in Arabs Israeli National genetic bank contains genetic
mutations of Arabs Teebi database 2002 2010 genes responsible for
genetic diseases among Palestinian Arabs The next Pan-Arab conference
Nov 2013<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Arabs<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Genetic disease in the Arab world</b><br />
<br />
Oct, 2006<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618432/<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Sickle-cell Anemia and Consanguinity among the Saudi Arabian Population</b><br />
<br />
<br />
June 15, 2016<br />
<br />
<br />
Abstract<br />
<br />
Sickle
Cell Disease (SCD) is one of the most common severe autosomal
recessively inherited blood disorders. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence
of this disease is significantly varied in different regions of the
country, and the highest prevalence in the Eastern province of the
country. A consanguineous marriage has been linked to the high incidence
and prevalence of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA), which, accounts more than
50%, with the rate of marriage between first cousins ranging from 40% to
50%. However, the last few years showed no increase in the prevalence
of sickle cell disease among Saudi’s. This might be related to the
remarkable scientific progress in the understanding of the complex
pathophysiology of the disease, improving knowledge regarding SCA among
community, better medical care, and the efforts of Saudi’s government to
provide genetic counselling services and implementing of mandatory
premarital screening program. This review therefore is about the
epidemiology, history of SCA among Saudi’s, clinical complications, and
consanguinity marriage and SCA, with a focus on its local premarital
screening program.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.archivesofmedicine.com/medicine/sicklecell-anemia-and-consanguinity-among-the-saudi-arabian-population.php?aid=9701<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Sickle Cell Anemia: It's Not a 'Black Disease'</b><br />
<b>How Sickle Cell is Acquired - Inheritance</b><br />
<br />
As
we've become more knowledgeable about sickle cell anemia we've
discovered that it is not infectious but rather genetic. In other words
you can't get sickle cell from exposure to a toxin, infection, virus, or
parasite. People with sickle cell are born with the disease. It is
inherited when parents pass it on to their children.<br />
Location of Sickle Cell Carriers<br />
Sickle Cell in the United States<br />
<br />
We've
also discovered that sickle cell is, in the United States, very
prevalent among dark skinned people and almost completely absent in
"white" populations. This is why sickle cell anemia has been, for a very
long time, associated with people of dark skin color. This association
has been based on the partially correct assumption that sickle cell
originates in Africa and those who are of African descent (and therefore
very often dark skinned) are the only people who can carry the gene for
the disease and pass it on genetically.<br />
Sickle Cell in the World<br />
<br />
While
it is true that sickle cell is very prevalent in much of Africa it is
entirely untrue that it is confined just to that region. In fact sickle
cell is prevalent in parts of all of the following areas:<br />
<br />
Africa<br />
Mediterranean countries (such as Greece, Turkey, and Italy)<br />
The Arabian peninsula<br />
India<br />
Spanish-speaking regions (South America, Central America, and parts of the Caribbean)<br />
<br />
In
each region both dark and light skinned people have been found to be
sickle cell carriers. The explanation for this particular distribution
lies in explanation for the survival of sickle cell over time.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.netwellness.org/healthtopics/sicklecell/sicklecellblackdisease.cfm<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>The epidemiology of thyroid diseases in the Arab world: A systematic review</b><br />
<br />
<br />
2015<br />
<br />
<br />
The review showed that the prevalence of different types of thyroid disease varied between the<br />
<br />
reported studies in Arab world ranging from 6.18 to 47.34% prevalence of goiter reported by<br />
<br />
several
studies conducted in Arab world, such as Egypt, Algeria and Bahrain
with 25.25, 86 and 1.7%, respectively. Gender, dietary factors,
iodine deficiency, family history, diabetes and x-ray radiation were
reported as risk factors associated with different type of thyroid
diseases.<br />
<br />
<br />
The most prevalence of thyroid
disease was concluded to be thyroid lesions which varied in different
regions of Arab and the burden of thyroid cancer is very high and very
common in different Arab region, and further longitudinal studies are
still needed to investigate the prognosis and determinants of these
thyroid diseases in the Arab world.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/JPHE/article-full-text-pdf/0C73CDC56758<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">[Eating Iodine can help fight thyroid cancer, seaweed has a lot of Iodine.]</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;">Centre for Arab Genomic Studies, Dubai, United Arab Emirates</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: small;">GENETIC DISORDERS IN ARABS</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
Genetic
and inherited disorders have accompanied humanity since its
earliest existence. Many prehistoric and historic sites
have revealed archeological remains with pathologies suggestive
of inherited disorders. Paleopathology studies - the identification
of pathological conditions in ancient skeletal remains - from
many world sites revealed the presence of<br />
<br />
various
hereditary or congenital conditions including Paget’s disease,
neurofibromatosis, cleft lip and cleft palate, juvenile kyphosis
(Scheuermann’s disease), scoliosis, spina bifida, achondroplasia,
Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type I), Hunter’s syndrome,<br />
<br />
(mucopolysaccharidosis
type II), Morquio’s syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type IV),
osteogenesis imperfecta (types III and IV), cleidocranial dysostosis,
osteopetrosis,<br />
<br />
diaphyseal sclerosis
(Camuratoi-Engelmann disease), osteopoikilosis, and many others
(reviewed in Ortner, 2003). One of the oldest of such records includes
a 1.5<br />
<br />
million year old fossil of a 2-year-old Homo erectus child with amelogenesis imperfecta (<br />
<br />
Zilberman et al., 2004). In Indonesia, the skeleton of a 25-30 year-old Homo<br />
<br />
floresiensis,
discovered in 2003 on the island of Flores, featured a small skull that
could be due to microcephaly (Jacob et al., 2006). In Egypt,
scientific investigation of mummies from the huge necropolis of
Thebes-West in Upper Egypt revealed osseous manifestations suggestive
of metabolic and chronic anemia in high frequencies in populations of
the “Middle Kingdom” (2050-1750 BCE;<br />
<br />
Nerlich et al.,
2002). In addition, bizarre physical features were shared by many
members of Egypt’s 18th Dynasty, including the Pharaoh Akhenaten,
suggestive of possible familial disorders possibly including the
aromatase excess syndrome, the sagittal craniosynostosis syndrome, or a
variant of the Antley-Bixler syndrome (Braverman et al., 2009).
Interestingly, ancient DNA analysis revealed<br />
<br />
a
b-thalassemia mutation in the skeletal remains of an Ottoman
child with severe porotic hyperostosis (Filon et al., 1995).<br />
<br />
<br />
The Early Farmers<br />
<br />
<br />
Around
12,000 years ago, Neolithic human populations adapted agricultural
technologies that allowed them to establish permanent sizeable
settlements and to adapt a far-reaching shift in subsistence and
lifestyle. Undoubtedly, improvement of the climatic conditions in the
area along with the practice of agriculture helped in the establishment
of major historical settlements with sizeable densities that could have
contributed enormously to the genetic makeup of modern Arab
populations. Yet, farming was almost always associated with settlements
near mosquito-infested soft and marshy soil causing large malarial
outbreaks (Grmek, 1994; de Zulueta, 1994; Joy et al., 2003). These
outbreaks imposed selective pressure on the human genome and amplified
the frequencies of<br />
<br />
several genetic disorders
including sickle cell disease, b-thalassemia, and
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (Angel, 1966
;Carter and Mendis, 2002 Kwiatkowski, 2005).<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.cags.org.ae/cb404c1.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Lifestyle disorders top health issues in Arab world</b><br />
<br />
January 2014<br />
<br />
<br />
PARIS:
Heart disease and stroke have replaced infectious disease as the top
causes of early death in the Arab world, tracking the West in a trend
toward lifestyle disorders, The Lancet reported Monday.<br />
<br />
An
international consortium of scientists compared the state of health in
the 22 countries of the Arab League in 1990 and in 2010, using data from
a vast study — the 2010 Global Burden of Diseases report.<br />
<br />
In
1990, respiratory infection headed the list of concerns, accounting for
11 percent of deaths, while stillbirths and poor nutrition also
featured high on the mortality list.<br />
<br />
These problems
still persist in the low-income countries of the Comoros, Djibouti,
Mauritania, Somalia and Yemen, the investigators found.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.arabnews.com/news/515126<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Arab countries living longer but battling chronic disease</b><br />
<br />
In
the region as a whole, important changes occurred over those two
decades. Burden attributable to non-communicable disease, including
ischemic heart disease, mental disorders such as depression and anxiety,
and musculoskeletal disorders increased, while the premature death and
disability from most newborn, nutritional, and maternal disorders
decreased. Basically, there were tremendous improvements in what is
killing people but not in what is ailing them.<br />
<br />
Of the
10 leading causes of health loss, combining both premature mortality and
years lived with disability, between 1990 and 2010, lower respiratory
infections remained the first, while ischemic heart disease rose to
second. Major depressive disorder rose from eighth to fifth place, and
low back pain, which was not among the top causes of health loss in
1990, was ranked seventh in 2010. The rise of non-communicable disease
in the Arab world mirrors similar changes in the US, Western Europe, and
Canada.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.healthdata.org/news-release/arab-countries-living-longer-battling-chronic-disease<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Frequently asked questions on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)</b><br />
<br />
May, 2017<br />
<br />
<br />
1. What is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)?<br />
<br />
Middle
East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness caused
by a coronavirus (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or
MERS-CoV) that was first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012.
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause diseases in
humans, ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/faq/en/<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<b>Population structure and the burden of disease in the United Arab Emirates</b><br />
<br />
2012<br />
<br />
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210600612000214<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Saudi Arabia Awakes to the Perils of Inbreeding</b><br />
<br />
MAY 1, 2003<br />
<br />
<br />
Health
officials and genetic researchers here say there is no way to stop
inbreeding in this deeply conservative Muslim society, where marrying
within the family is a tradition that goes back hundreds of years.<br />
<br />
Today,
when most unions are still arranged by parents, marrying into wealth
and influence often means marrying a relative. Social lives are so
restricted that it is virtually impossible for men and women to meet one
another outside the umbrella of an extended family. Courtships without
parental supervision are rare.<br />
<br />
Among more educated
Saudis, marrying relatives has become less common and younger
generations have begun to pull away from the practice. But for the vast
majority, the tradition is still deeply embedded in Saudi culture.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/01/world/saudi-arabia-awakes-to-the-perils-of-inbreeding.html <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Hemoglobinopathies in the United Arab Emirates</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Genetic Disorders in the UAE Autosomal recessive disorders are common in the UAE. <br />
<br />
Hemoglobinopathies are one of the most common disorders among the UAE nationals. Other<br />
<br />
diseases include congenital abnormalities, cancers, metabolic
disorders, chromosomal aberrations and mental retardation. Monogenic
diseases such as cystic fibrosis, fragile-X and G6PD also exist at
appreciable levels. During the last two years alone, the author's
laboratory has carried out mutational identification and
characterization of more than 50 cases of cystic<br />
<br />
Fibrosis, predominantly among the UAE nationals.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>ß-Thalassemia</b><br />
<br />
<br />
ß-Thalassemia
(ß-thal) is one of the most common single gene disorders
affecting almost all the countries in the Mediterranean Basin, the
Middle East, SouthbEast Asia, Far East, Australasia, the
Americas and Africa. It is characterized by the deficiency or absence
of ß-globin chain production. More than 200 different mutations have
so far been reported that result in<br />
<br />
ß- thalassemia.<br />
<br />
<br />
a-Thalassemia and HbH Disease<br />
<br />
a-Thalassemia (a-thal) is generally caused by the deletion of one (-a/<br />
<br />
a a) or both (-a/-a or --/a) func-tional a-globin genes leading to a-thal-2 <br />
<br />
(-a/a) and a-thal-1 (--/a) conditions, respectively. Individuals who
inherit two or three functional a-genes (-a/a; -a-a; --/) have a-thal
trait with a mild hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Those who inherit a
single a-gene (--/-a) have HbH (ß4) disease, a moderately severe
hemolytic anemia with a variable clinical course. HbH Disease is the
most severe form of the a-thal syndromes compatible with life. Hb Bart's
Hydrops Fetalis syndromes arise from total absence of four a-globin
genes (--/--) and such condition is incompatible with life. The majority
of a-thal and HbH cases in the Gulf Region are caused by point
mutations characterized by relatively severe phenotype.<br />
<br />
HbH
disease is a moderately severe hemolytic anemia with microcytosis,
hypochromia, low HbA and HbF levels, and varying quantities of HbH (ß4;
2-30%).<br />
<br />
Most of the HbH syndromes were thought to be
caused by the deletion or inactivation of three of the four a-globin
genes. However, in the last decade, numerous reports have been published
demonstrating an increasing number of non-deletional (aT)a-thal as<br />
<br />
the molecular basis for many of the HbH syndromes, particularly from the Middle East.<br />
<br />
For decades, hematological evaluation and gene mapping techniques have been used to<br />
<br />
identify
these anomalies at the molecular level. More recently, novel techniques
such as PCR have been devised which enable the molecular
characterization of such patients rapidly, easily and accurately.<br />
<br />
Several
studies were conducted in the author's laboratory in an attempt to
elucidate the frequency of a-thal in the UAE. Cord blood samples were
collected from 418 consecutive UAE national newborns. The PCR-based
analysis of the a<br />
<br />
-globin gene status demonstrated that the incidence of a-thal, particularly the -a3.7 deletion, was extremely high.<br />
<br />
<br />
The DNA-based newborn screening survey demonstrated that 49 % of the neonates had <br />
α-thal, one of the highest in the world. The distribution of mutations was as follows: <br />
αα/αα: 51%; -α3.7/αα:34%; -α3.7/-α3.7: 11%; -<br />
α4.2/αα: 1.0% and one newborn was compound heterozygous for the -α3.7/-α4.2geno-<br />
type. The remaining 3% of the chromosomes were<br />
identified
with the non-deletional type of αthal (αT). Four different αT
alleles were identified; PolyA-1[αPA-1(AATAAA→AATAAG)],
PolyA-2 [αPA-2(AATAAA→AATGAA)], Hb Constant Spring [HbCS(αCSα/αCSα)
TAA→CAA] and pentanucleotide deletion [α-5nt del(GAGGTGAGG→GAGG)]<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.dha.gov.ae/en/SpecialtyCentres/GeneticsCenter/Documents/Hemoglobinopathies%20in%20the%20UAE%20By%20Dr.%20E.%20Baysal.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>In Middle East and North Africa, Health Challenges are Becoming Similar to Those in Western Countries</b><br />
<br />
September 4, 2013<br />
<br />
<br />
WASHINGTON,
September 4, 2013 - In the Middle East and North Africa region,
non-communicable diseases such as heart disease (up by 44%), stroke (up
35%), and diabetes (up 87%) are causing more premature death and
disability than they did in the past. Potentially preventable risk
factors such as poor diets, high blood pressure, high body mass index
(an indicator of obesity and overweight), and smoking are contributing
to the growing burden of non-communicable diseases in the region.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/09/04/middle-east-north-Africa-health-challenges-similar-western-countries<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Cardiovascular diseases on the increase in Arab states</b><br />
<br />
March 2012 <br />
<br />
<br />
Children
in the Arab Gulf region are more at risk of developing cardiovascular
diseases (CVD) than those in other Arab states, according to a new
report from the World Heart Federation.<br />
<br />
The rapid
urbanisation of Arab Gulf states means children are increasingly living
in densely populated cities and suffering exposure to air and water
pollution. Many are being denied access to green spaces and their health
is further compromised by passive smoking and fast food.<br />
<br />
Kuwait
is the most urbanised Arab state, with 98% of its population living in
cities, followed closely by Qatar with 96%. Neighbouring Saudi Arabia
and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) come next, with 84% and 78% of people
living in cities respectively.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2012.36<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>About the Epidemiology of IBD</b><br />
<br />
June, 2012<br />
<br />
<br />
Epidemiology is the study of the frequency and distribution of diseases in the population.<br />
<br />
It
is estimated that 1.4 million Americans suffer from Crohn's disease or
ulcerative colitis (collectively known as inflammatory bowel diseases,
or IBD). The search for risk factors in IBD has been frustrating, and
the difficulty in diagnosing these diseases has been a further
hindrance. However, epidemiologists have gathered enough information to
know a good deal about the distribution of IBD in the United States and
Western Europe. Current evidence suggests that both genetic and
environmental factors contribute to these diseases.<br />
Genetics<br />
<br />
In
2001, Nod2, the first gene linked to Crohn's disease, was discovered.
This breakthrough was funded in part by a CCFA research grant. Most
researchers agree that there is a strong genetic component in IBD. If a
person has a relative with the disease, his/her risk is estimated to be
at least 10 times that of the general population -- 30 times greater if
the relative is a sibling. New technologies, including a genome-wide
search, are helping researchers to close in on the genes that predispose
people to IBD.<br />
Race and Ethnicity<br />
<br />
American Jews of European descent are four to five times more likely to develop IBD than the general population.<br />
IBD has long been considered a predominantly white disease. The
prevalence rate among whites is 149 per 100,000. Among African
Americans, however, there has been a steady increase in reported cases
of both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. An HMO with two million
members reported hospitalization rates per 100,000 by race, over a
six-year period, as:<br />
10.2 - Whites<br />
10.2 - African Americans<br />
<br />
According to this study, prevalence rates among Hispanics and Asians were lower than those for whites and African Americans.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.crohnscolitisfoundation.org/resources/epidemiology.html<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Middle Eastern/Arab Women</b><br />
<br />
Postpartum
Depression (PPD) affects women around the world and it is estimated
that its prevalence runs at about 10-15% (Fuggle, Glover, Khan &
Haydon, 2002). Some studies show that PPD may affect up to 30% of all
women after delivery (Evins, Theofrastous & Galvin, 2000; WHO,
2003), and has a significant impact on the mother and long-term
consequences on the cognitive and emotional development of children
(Tammentie, Tarka, Astedt-Kurki & Paavilainen, 2002). It is
generally also agreed that while this illness can turn into major
depression and carries substantial risk of morbidity and death, it is an
underdiagnosed and underrated illness. Mathers & Loncar (2006)
project that by the year 2030, depression will be one of the top three
leading causes of death in the world; yet PPD is one of the least
addressed types of depression today. Additionally, for women who have
experienced PPD, up to 50% will face a reoccurrence during subsequent
pregnancies (Nonacs and Cohen, 2000).\<br />
<br />
<br />
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jmmh/10381607.0009.104/--prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-postpartum-depression?rgn=main;view=fulltext<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<b>Indian genetic disease database</b><br />
<br />
Indians,
representing about one-sixth of the world population, consist of
several thousands of endogamous groups with strong potential for excess
of recessive diseases. However, no database is available on Indian
population with comprehensive information on the diseases common in the
country. To address this issue, we present Indian Genetic Disease
Database (IGDD) release 1.0 (http://www.igdd.iicb.res.in)—an integrated
and curated repository of growing number of mutation data on common
genetic diseases afflicting the Indian populations. Currently the
database covers 52 diseases with information on 5760 individuals
carrying the mutant alleles of causal genes. Information on locus
heterogeneity, type of mutation, clinical and biochemical data,
geographical location and common mutations are furnished based on
published literature. The database is currently designed to work best
with Internet Explorer 8 (optimal resolution 1440?×?900) and it can be
searched based on disease of interest, causal gene, type of mutation and
geographical location of the patients or carriers. Provisions have been
made for deposition of new data and logistics for regular updation of
the database. The IGDD web portal, planned to be made freely available,
contains user-friendly interfaces and is expected to be highly useful to
the geneticists, clinicians, biologists and patient support groups of
various genetic diseases.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3013653/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<b>Prevalence of common disease-associated variants in Asian Indians</b><br />
<br />
2008<br />
<br />
Trevor J Pemberton,<br />
Niyati U Mehta,<br />
David Witonsky,<br />
Anna Di Rienzo,<br />
Hooman Allayee,<br />
David V Conti and<br />
Pragna I PatelEmail author<br />
<br />
BMC Genetics20089:13<br />
<br />
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-9-13<br />
<br />
© Pemberton et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008<br />
Background<br />
<br />
Asian
Indians display a high prevalence of diseases linked to changes in diet
and environment that have arisen as their lifestyle has become more
westernized. Using 1200 genome-wide polymorphisms in 432 individuals
from 15 Indian language groups, we have recently shown that: (i) Indians
constitute a distinct population-genetic cluster, and (ii) despite the
geographic and linguistic diversity of the groups they exhibit a
relatively low level of genetic heterogeneity.<br />
<br />
<br />
Results<br />
<br />
We
investigated the prevalence of common polymorphisms that have been
associated with diseases, such as atherosclerosis (ALOX5), hypertension
(CYP3A5, AGT, GNB3), diabetes (CAPN10, TCF7L2, PTPN22), prostate cancer
(DG8S737, rs1447295), Hirschsprung disease (RET), and age-related
macular degeneration (CFH, LOC387715). In addition, we examined
polymorphisms associated with skin pigmentation (SLC24A5) and with the
ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (TAS2R38). All polymorphisms were
studied in a cohort of 576 India-born Asian Indians sampled in the
United States. This sample consisted of individuals whose mother tongue
is one of 14 of the 22 "official" languages recognized in India as well
as individuals whose mother tongue is Parsi, a cultural group that has
resided in India for over 1000 years. Analysis of the data revealed that
allele frequency differences between the different Indian language
groups were small, and interestingly the variant alleles of ALOX5
g.8322G>A and g.50778G>A, and PTPN22 g.36677C>T were present
only in a subset of the Indian language groups. Furthermore, a
latitudinal cline was identified both for the allele frequencies of the
SNPs associated with hypertension (CYP3A5, AGT, GNB3), as well as for
those associated with the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide
(TAS2R38).<br />
Conclusion<br />
<br />
Although caution is
warranted due to the fact that this US-sampled Indian cohort may not
represent a random sample from India, our results will hopefully assist
in the design of future studies that investigate the genetic causes of
these diseases in India. Our results also support the inclusion of the
Indian population in disease-related genetic studies, as it exhibits
unique genotype as well as phenotype characteristics that may yield new
insights into the underlying causes of common diseases that are not
available in other populations.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://bmcgenet.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2156-9-13<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Diet, Genetics, and Disease: A Focus on the Middle East and North Africa Region</b><br />
<br />
<br />
2012<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnme/2012/109037/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>An Overview of Human Genetic Disorders with Special Reference to African Americans</b><br />
<br />
October 27, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
Diabetes<br />
<br />
Hypertension<br />
<br />
Pancreatic Cancer<br />
<br />
Prostate Cancer<br />
<br />
Alzheimer’s Disease<br />
<br />
Sickle Cell Disease<br />
<br />
Kidney Disease<br />
<br />
Inflammatory Bowel Disease<br />
<br />
AIDS<br />
<br />
Sarcoidosis <br />
<br />
[Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency]<br />
<br />
[Beta-thalassemia]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/an-overview-of-human-genetic-disorders-with-special-reference-to-africanamericans-2155-9821-1000e139.php?aid=63273<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Genetic disorders in Southern Africa.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Abstract<br />
<br />
Certain
uncommon genetic disorders occur relatively frequently in the various
population groups of Southern Africa. Prominent among these are
porphyria, colonic polyposis and sclerosteosis in the Afrikaner
community, Huntington's chorea in the British, Gaucher's and Tay-Sachs
diseases in the Jewish population, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency (G-6-PD deficiency) and thalassaemia in the Greek community,
various skeletal dysplasias in the Black group, lipoid proteinosis and
cleidocranial dysostosis in the Cape Coloured population, diabetes
mellitus in the Indian community and retinitis pigmentosa in the Tristan
da Cunha islanders. In addition, 'private' syndromes have been
encountered in virtually every group. Awareness of the ethnic
distribution of unusual genetic conditions is of considerable practical
importance during the differential diagnosis of obscure disease.<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/959924<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>GENETIC ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>POPULATIONS: HUMAN EVOLUTION</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>AND COMPLEX DISEASE</b><br />
<br />
<br />
http://bioinformatics.bc.edu/~marth/BI820-2004S/files/Tishkoff-AfricanPop-NRG-2002.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Moroccan Genetic Disease Database</b><br />
<br />
Database content<br />
<br />
<table><tbody>
<tr><th>Disease</th><td>325</td></tr>
<tr><th>Gene</th><td>389</td></tr>
<tr><th>Mutation</th><td>532</td></tr>
<tr><th>Polymorphism</th><td>305</td></tr>
<tr><th>Article</th><td>399</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
http://mgdd.pasteur.ma/<br />
<br />
--------------------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Genetics and genomic medicine in Morocco: the present hope can </b><br />
<b>make the future bright</b><br />
<br />
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mgg3.255/pdf<br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Consanguinity and genetic disorders in Egypt</span></h1>
Jan 2012<br />
<br />
http://journals.lww.com/mejmedgen/Fulltext/2012/01000/Consanguinity_and_genetic_disorders_in_Egypt.3.aspx<br />
<br />
------------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="article-title">
<span style="font-size: small;">Profile of genetic disorders prevalent in northeast region of Cairo, Egypt</span></h1>
<span class="size-m">February 2012</span><br />
<span class="size-m"><br /></span>
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110863011000620<br />
<br />
---------------------------<br />
<h1 class="post-title single">
<span style="font-size: small;">The genetic affinities of Ethiopians</span></h1>
<span class="meta-date">
January 10, 2011</span><br />
<br />
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2011/01/the-genetic-affinities-of-ethiopians/#.WXDzxullDIU<br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Hereditary neurodegenerative disorders in Nigerian Africans.</span></h1>
1984<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6230542<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Oldest genetic disorder few Kenyans know about</b><br />
<br />
April 16th 2017<br />
<br />
https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2001236551/oldest-genetic-disorder-few-kenyans-know-about<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<h1 class="post-title single">
<span style="font-size: small;">Congo’s Uncharted Territory</span></h1>
Aug 19, 2013<br />
<br />
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/08/19/congos-neglected-tropical-diseases/#.WXDxSOllDIU<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<h1 class="ChapterTitle" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Disorders in Sudan</span></h1>
April 2010<br />
<br />
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-05080-0_20/fulltext.html<br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Blacks More Prone to Colon Cancers That Arise Between Colonoscopies: Study</b><br />
<br />
May 22, 2017<br />
<br />
<br />
A
new study finds that older black Americans are far more likely than
whites to develop a colon cancer in the decade-long gap between these
screenings.<br />
<br />
Some of this may be due to where black patients receive their colonoscopy, the researchers said.<br />
<br />
"Blacks
and other minorities more frequently received colonoscopies from
physicians with lower [colon] polyp detection rates, suggesting there
was lower quality of care," said study lead author Stacey Fedewa, a
researcher with the American Cancer Society.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://health.usnews.com/health-care/articles/2017-05-22/blacks-more-prone-to-colon-cancers-that-arise-between-colonoscopies-study<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<b>African Americans at Increased Risk for Eye Diseases</b><br />
<br />
Cataracts<br />
<br />
Cataracts
are a clouding of the lens of the eye. African Americans are 1.5 times
more likely to develop cataracts than the general population and five
times more likely to develop related blindness.<br />
Glaucoma<br />
Glaucoma
refers to a family of diseases that affect the optic nerve and cause
vision loss. African Americans are five times more likely than whites to
develop glaucoma and four times more likely to develop related
blindness.<br />
Diabetes<br />
African American adults are twice as
likely as non-Hispanic whites to be diagnosed with diabetes and twice as
likely to develop and die from diabetes-related complications. Diabetes
can cause diabetic retinopathy, a condition that can lead to retinal
damage and permanent vision loss.<br />
Hypertension<br />
Even though
hypertension may not seem to be related to the eyes, high blood pressure
can cause vision problems and vision loss. African American adults are
more likely to be diagnosed with hypertension but less likely to have
the condition under control (Source: Vision Problems).<br />
Black
History Month is truly a time to celebrate, so what better way to
celebrate than to schedule a comprehensive eye exam? An eye exam does
much more than evaluate the clarity of your vision; it can serve as a
window into your overall health. Celebrate good health this February by
getting a thorough vision screening!<br />
<br />
http://yoursightmatters.com/african-americr-eye-diseases/<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Glaucoma in the African American and Hispanic Communities</b><br />
<br />
Yvonne Ou, MD<br />
<br />
University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Medical Center<br />
<br />
Thursday, January 1, 2015<br />
<br />
African
Americans and Hispanics are at increased risk of developing glaucoma.
Find out why and learn about important steps that can prevent vision
loss from this eye disease. <br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.brightfocus.org/glaucoma/article/glaucoma-african-american-and-hispanic-communities<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Blacks Seem More Vulnerable to Deadly Blood Infection</b><br />
<br />
By Jenifer Goodwin<br />
<br />
HealthDay Reporter<br />
<br />
<br />
TUESDAY,
June 22 (HealthDay News) -- Black patients are more likely to develop
the life-threatening blood infection sepsis and have a greater chance of
dying from it than whites, new research suggests.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=117445<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>High Blood Pressure in African-Americans</b><br />
<br />
High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, affects African-Americans in unique ways:<br />
<br />
African-Americans develop high blood pressure at younger ages than other groups in the U.S.<br />
African-Americans are more likely to develop complications associated
with high blood pressure. These problems include stroke, kidney disease,
blindness, dementia, and heart disease.<br />
<br />
http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/hypertension-in-african-americans#1<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Blacks still dying more from cancer than whites</b><br />
<br />
February 18, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
Three
years ago, the American Cancer Society (ACS) broke some exciting news:
for the first time in decades, U.S. cancer deaths fell. The trend
continued the following year. But new research today shows that the
milestone has been a mixed bag for one segment of the population,
African-Americans. They’re also dying less of cancer—in some cases,
their gains are coming at a faster pace than for whites—but the disease
still kills them more often.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/news-blog/blacks-still-dying-more-of-cancer-t-2009-02-18/<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Prostate cancer risk in African Americans</b><br />
<br />
<br />
African Americans are more likely to develop — and die from — prostate cancer than others. But why?<br />
<br />
This
year, the American Cancer Society estimates that nearly 1.5 million
Americans will be diagnosed with some form of cancer — and that figure
doesn’t even include more than 1 million cases of certain skin cancers.
The organization estimates that cancer will also claim 562,340 lives in
2009. Scientific evidence shows that about one-third of those deaths
could have been prevented by making lifestyle changes. Smoking, being
overweight or obese, not exercising, and eating a poor diet — all
modifiable risk factors — have been linked to cancer (as well as heart
disease, diabetes, and many other conditions).<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.harvardprostateknowledge.org/prostate-cancer-risk-in-african-americans<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Racial Differences in Reported Lyme Disease Incidence</b><br />
<br />
2000<br />
<br />
In
the United States, the incidence of Lyme disease is considered to be
disproportionately high among Whites because of risk of exposure. For
assessment of racial differences in Lyme disease incidence and the role
of risk<br />
<br />
exposure, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for Lyme
disease and its manifestations between Whites and African Americans in
Maryland and in its focus of endemicity, the Upper Eastern Shore, were
calculated. Calculations were based on reported cases of Lyme disease in
Maryland during the years 1992–1996. The IRR for Lyme disease between
Whites and African Americans was 6.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.0,
8.0), decreasing to 1.8 (95% CI: 1.2, 2.7) for the Upper Eastern Shore.
Statewide, there was a significant difference between the White to
African American IRR for erythema migrans and for Lyme
disease-associated arthritis, at 17.7 (95% CI: 11.2, 27.8) and 2.3 (95%
CI: 1.7, 3.2), respectively. On the Upper Eastern Shore, the IRR for
arthritis<br />
<br />
reversed, indicating higher incidence among
African Americans than among Whites: IRR = 5.7 (95% CI: 2.4,13.9) for
erythema migrans and IRR = 0.7 (95% CI: 0.4, 1.1) for arthritis. White
patients were more likely to have erythema migrans (risk ratio = 2.8,
95% CI: 1.9, 4.1) and less likely to have arthritis than were African
Americans(risk ratio = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.5). Among all patients, there
was a significant negative association between arthritis and erythema
migrans. Although much of the racial disparity in incidence rates
diminishes in a rural, endemic area, consistent with exposure risk being
responsible for much of the variation, a difference remains.<br />
<br />
This
may be due to failure to recognize early disease (erythema migrans)
among African Americans, resulting in increased rates of late
manifestations. Geographic spread of the disease warrants efforts to
increase awareness of Lyme disease and its manifestations among people
of color and the health care providers who serve them.<br />
<br />
https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/aje/152/8/10.1093/aje/152.8.756/2/756.pdf?Expires=1500258112&Signature=F1DoMlshZnNEHWu~2fUwXIR1oKQq4~R2DNIiCIc5GXfui4gPyBRd0~98cDAx74Sda~2DqPTtQAOshONXI1fZHWYUIWMj8LbDZkFeFupFdQfZ-ceP-Akto8-CrB4Uq7B-4wd1qDq0zKQrhks0vKDFJGd3Cvxe7ySA-b2L1zzRdiRDEEQJwYOpl5Wvuf9MIsQ5BSzzlQPA~woJXRfkZJ3p0Cno1o4erPBQiAOs4ngIKLYjafnTnVIhPnve2YvMt54lXG7kWfKLDioAhxZMxup9fCo5dPj5Fa8gXi-iCnvusIW62cb9ytVGhBwicoNIKETVwz9wEhkKZUYo7bOKZ~0YGQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q<br />
<br />
<br />
----<span style="font-size: large;"><b>--</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Alzheimer's Affects Races Differently: Researchers</b><br />
<br />
Thursday, 16 Jul 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
Alzheimer's disease seems to develop differently in the brains of black patients than in whites.<br />
<br />
And,
black people seem more likely to suffer different types of brain
changes that also contribute to dementia, a new study reports.<br />
<br />
Alzheimer's
disease dementia is generally associated with a build-up of substances
known as plaques and tangles inside the brain.<br />
<br />
But, there are other brain changes that can also contribute to dementia, the study authors noted.<br />
<br />
For
example, the brains of people with dementia sometimes contain infarcts
-- tiny areas of dead tissue caused by micro-strokes, the researchers
explained.<br />
<br />
They also might contain Lewy bodies --
another form of abnormal protein build-up in the brain that's usually
associated with Parkinson's disease.<br />
<br />
Autopsies of black
and white Alzheimer's patients revealed that blacks were more likely
than whites to experience a mix of dementia-related changes, as opposed
to the damage usually associated with "pure" Alzheimer's dementia,
according to the study.<br />
<br />
"We were surprised that the
African Americans were much more likely to have a mixed picture," said
lead author Lisa Barnes, a professor of neurology and behavioral science
at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. "The underlying brain
changes were different, which indicates that they probably had different
risk factors."<br />
<br />
The study findings were published online July 15 in advance of print publication in the journal Neurology.<br />
<br />
http://www.newsmax.com/Health/Health-News/alzheimers-dementia-races-blacks/2015/07/16/id/657369/<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>How Alzheimer’s Is Different in African-Americans</b><br />
<br />
Jul 15, 2015<br />
<br />
The
hallmark signs of Alzheimer’s are well-established—plaques of amyloid
protein and tangles of tau protein in the brain, which work to suffocate
and eventually destroy neurons that are dedicated to higher level
functions such as memory and reasoning.But in a study published in the
journal Neurology, researchers show that there may be important
differences in the way Alzheimer’s appears in the brains of
African-American and white patients. When Lisa Barnes, a neurologist at
the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center at Rush University Medical Center
and her colleagues compared the brains of 41 black patients who had died
of the disease to the brains of 81 white patients, they found a much
more complex picture of Alzheimer's in the brains of the
African-Americans.<br />
<br />
<br />
These patients were more
likely to have not just the familiar plaques and tangles, but also other
signs of neurological abnormalities, including Lewy bodies, signs of
infarcts and blood vessel disease. In fact, 71% of the African-American
patients showed this mixed picture compared to 50% of the white
patients.<br />
<br />
<br />
The most common—and surprising,
says Barnes—connection involved the Lewy bodies. These are clumps of
proteins that aggregate inside nerve cells, particularly those involved
in movement. They are common in Parkinson’s patients and can contribute
to tremors as well as hallucinations and sleep disruptions. Because the
black population is known to have higher risk of circulatory disorders,
including stroke and hypertension, Barnes expected to find more
infarct-related differences when comparing the brains of
African-Americans to those of whites. “We did not find that,” she says.
“We found a much more mixed picture than just infarcts, and that was a
little bit surprising.”<br />
<br />
<br />
http://time.com/3959295/alzheimers-african-americans/<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>UNC study: Frequency of foot disorders differs between African Americans and whites</b><br />
<br />
Monday,
November 8, 2010 — African Americans in the study age 45 or older were
three times more likely than whites of the same age to have corns or
flat feet. In people who were not obese, African Americans were twice as
likely to have bunions and hammer toes than whites.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.med.unc.edu/www/newsarchive/2010/november/unc-study-frequency-of-foot-disorders-differs-between-african-americans-and-whites<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Asthma in African Americans: What can we do about the higher rates of disease? </b><br />
<br />
March, 2012<br />
<br />
To
remedy disparities such as greater disease severity and higher rates of
hospitalization and death, we need to ensure that all patients receive
proper care and the knowledge they need to control their asthma.<br />
<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
<br />
African
Americans not only have a higher prevalence of asthma than whites, they
also are encumbered with higher rates of asthma-associated morbidity
and death. Factors such as genetics, socioeconomic status, health
maintenance behaviors, air quality, and obesity likely contribute in
combination to these burdens. Further work is needed to better
understand these complex risk factors. To remedy these disparities, we
need to ensure that patients at higher risk are given proper care and
the knowledge to control their asthma.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.mdedge.com/ccjm/article/95718/pulmonology/asthma-african-americans-what-can-we-do-about-higher-rates-disease<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Genetics key to African-Americans' hypertension</b><br />
<br />
Stanford Report, January 26, 2005<br />
<br />
National
health records have shown that African-Americans are more prone to high
blood pressure than Caucasians, but pinning down the roots of that
difference has proven elusive. Now, researchers at the School of
Medicine have narrowed down the search for genes that contribute to this
difference in disease risk.<br />
<br />
Finding such a gene could
have several benefits for African-Americans and other ethnic groups. One
is that by knowing the normal role of the gene, doctors can better
understand the disease and devise new drugs or treatments to keep blood
pressure under control. It could also lead to genetic tests to help
identify people at higher risk of heart disease.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/january26/med-hypertension-012605.html<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Metabolic Syndrome in African Americans: Implications for Preventing Coronary Heart Disease</b><br />
<br />
2007<br />
<br />
<br />
Summary:<br />
<br />
The metabolic syndrome represents a specific<br />
<br />
clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in the same individu-<br />
<br />
al (abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated<br />
<br />
blood pressure, insulin resistance, a prothrombotic state, and<br />
<br />
a proinflammatory state). Almost 50 million American adults<br />
<br />
(about one in four) have the metabolic syndrome, which puts<br />
<br />
them at increased risk for the development of diabetes melli-<br />
<br />
tus and cardiovascular disease. African Americans, especial-<br />
<br />
ly African-American women, have a high prevalence of the<br />
<br />
metabolic syndrome. This is attributable mainly to the dis-<br />
<br />
proportionate occurrence in African Americans of elevated<br />
<br />
blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes. Management of the<br />
<br />
metabolic syndrome consists primarily of modification or re-<br />
<br />
versal of the root causes (overweight/obesity and physical in-<br />
<br />
activity) and therapy to reduce or control the risk factors.<br />
<br />
Although all components of the metabolic syndrome should<br />
<br />
be addressed, optimal control of atherogenic dyslipidemia<br />
<br />
and elevated blood pressure may reduce cardiovascular risk<br />
<br />
by more than 80%.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/clc.20003/pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Food Allergies Among Kids Vary by Race: Study</b><br />
<br />
Researchers find blacks and Hispanics more likely to be allergic to corn and shellfish, for instance.<br />
<br />
<br />
TUESDAY,
Nov. 22, 2016 (HealthDay News) -- Black and Hispanic children are much
more likely to have corn, shellfish and fish allergies than white
children, according to a U.S. study.<br />
The study also found that
compared to whites, black children have much higher rates of asthma,
eczema and allergies to wheat and soy.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://consumer.healthday.com/respiratory-and-allergy-information-2/food-allergy-news-16/food-allergies-among-kids-vary-by-race-study-717085.html<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Why Black Children May Be More Likely to Develop Food Allergies</b><br />
<br />
Sept. 05, 2011<br />
<br />
<br />
New research suggests that race and ancestry may play an important role in food allergies.<br />
<br />
Dr.
Rajesh Kumar, a pediatrician at Northwestern University Medical School,
and his team report in the journal Pediatrics that black children are
more than twice as likely as white children to have sensitivities to
eight foods that commonly cause allergic reactions, and that they are
especially vulnerable to peanut allergies.<br />
<br />
While other
studies have linked African American ethnicity to a higher risk of
asthma, Kumar’s group was interested in investigating whether race also
affects children’s risk of allergy to certain foods. Using a
multi-ethnic database of 1,104 children who participated in regular
health checkups at 6 months, then again at 1, 2, 4 and 6 years old, the
scientists measured the youngsters’ antibodies to egg white, cow’s milk,
peanut, soy, shrimp, walnut, wheat and cod.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://healthland.time.com/2011/09/05/why-black-children-might-be-more-likely-to-develop-food-allergies/<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<b>Are People of Certain Races and Ethnicities More Susceptible to Food Allergies</b><br />
<br />
Nov, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.premierallergyohio.com/doctors-blog/are-people-of-certain-races-and-ethnicities-more-susceptible-to-food-allergies<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Racial Differences in Allergic Sensitization: Recent Findings and Future Directions</b><br />
<br />
June, 2013<br />
<br />
<br />
Racial
disparities are present in many facets of health and disease. Allergy
and asthma are no exceptions. Secondary results from cross-sectional and
cohort studies have provided information on the scope of racial
disparities in allergic sensitization in the United States. African
American/Black individuals tend to be sensitized more frequently than
White individuals. Little is known about rates in other race groups.
Genetics are unlikely to be the sole or major cause of the observed
differences. Home dust allergen and endotoxin levels cannot explain the
differences. Studies that have been designed to specifically address the
sources of these racial disparities are needed. A “Multilevel
Framework” that considers the roles of the individual, family and
community presents an excellent approach to guide design of future
studies of the causes of these disparities. Understanding the causes of
the disparities could lead to interventions that would improve the
health of all individuals.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4888051/<br />
<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<b>Ethnic differences in coronary atherosclerosis</b><br />
<br />
February 2002<br />
<br />
<br />
Conclusions<br />
<br />
As
compared with whites, blacks and Hispanics had significantly lower
prevalence of CAC and obstructive coronary disease. Ethnic differences
in risk-factor profiles do not explain these differences. This study
demonstrated that whites have a higher atherosclerotic burden than
blacks and Hispanics, independent of risk-factor differences among
symptomatic patients referred for angiography.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073510970101748X<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Why Are African-Americans at Greater Risk for Heart Disease?</b><br />
<br />
African-Americans are at higher risk for heart disease, yet they're less likely to get the care they need.<br />
<br />
African-Americans and Heart Failure<br />
<br />
In
a startling 2009 study published in the New England Journal of
Medicine, researchers found that African-Americans have a much higher
incidence of heart failure than other races, and it develops at younger
ages. Heart failure means that the heart isn't able to pump blood as
well as it should.<br />
<br />
Before age 50, African-Americans'
heart failure rate is 20 times higher than that of whites, according to
the study. Four risk factors are the strongest predictors of heart
failure: high blood pressure (also called hypertension), chronic kidney
disease, being overweight, and having low levels of HDL, the "good"
cholesterol. Three-fourths of African-Americans who develop heart
failure have high blood pressure by age 40.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/features/why-african-americans-greater-risk-heart-disease#1<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<b>Black Women Have Worse Breast Cancer Survival Rates Compared to Whites and Hispanics</b><br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/black-women-have-worse-survival-rates<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Race, Ancestry, and Development of Food-Allergen Sensitization in Early Childhood</b><br />
<br />
2011 Oct<br />
<br />
RESULTS:<br />
<br />
In
this predominantly minority cohort (60.9% black and 22.5% Hispanic),
35.5% of subjects exhibited food sensitizations. In multivariate models,
both self-reported black race (odds ratio [OR]: 2.34 [95% confidence
interval [CI]: 1.24–4.44]) and African ancestry (in 10% increments; OR:
1.07 [95% CI: 1.02–1.14]) were associated with food sensitization.
Self-reported black race (OR: 3.76 [95% CI: 1.09–12.97]) and African
ancestry (OR: 1.19 [95% CI: 1.07–1.32]) were associated with a high
number (=3) of food sensitizations. African ancestry was associated with
increased odds of peanut sIgE levels of =5 kUA/L (OR: 1.25 [95% CI:
1.01–1.52]). Similar ancestry associations were seen for egg sIgE levels
of =2 kUA/L (OR: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.01–1.27]) and milk sIgE levels of =5
kUA/L (OR: 1.24 [95% CI: 0.94–1.63]), although findings were not
significant for milk.<br />
<br />
CONCLUSIONS:<br />
<br />
Black children
were more likely to be sensitized to food allergens and were sensitized
to more foods. African ancestry was associated with peanut
sensitization.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182844/<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> 1.What Is Sarcoidosis?</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Sarcoidosis involves inflammation that produces tiny lumps of cells in various organs in<br />
<br />
your body. The lumps are called granulomas because they look like grains of sugar or sand.<br />
<br />
They are very small and can be seen only with a microscope. These tiny granulomas can grow and<br />
<br />
clump together, making many large and small groups of lumps. If many granulomas form in<br />
<br />
an organ, they can affect how the organ works<br />
<br />
<br />
Who Gets It?<br />
<br />
Sarcoidosis affects people of all ages and races worldwide.<br />
<br />
It occurs mostly in: <br />
<br />
Adults between the ages of 20 and 40 <br />
<br />
African Americans (especially women)<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/wtc/downloads/pdf/wtc/SarcoidosisFS.pdf <br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Coccidioidomycosis in African Americans</b><br />
<br />
Jan, 2011<br />
<br />
<br />
Coccidioidomycosis
is caused by Coccidioides species, a fungus endemic to the desert
regions of the southwestern United States, and is of particular concern
for African Americans. We performed a PubMed search of the
English-language medical literature on coccidioidomycosis in African
Americans and summarized the pertinent literature. Search terms were
coccidioidomycosis, Coccidioides, race, ethnicity, African, black, and
Negro. The proceedings of the national and international
coccidioidomycosis symposia were searched. All relevant articles and
their cited references were reviewed; those with epidemiological,
immunologic, clinical, and therapeutic data pertaining to
coccidioidomycosis in African Americans were included in the review.
Numerous studies documented an increased predilection for severe
coccidioidal infections, coccidioidomycosis-related hospitalizations,
and extrapulmonary dissemination in persons of African descent; however,
most of the published studies are variably problematic. The immunologic
mechanism for this predilection is unclear. The clinical features and
treatment recommendations are summarized. Medical practitioners need to
be alert to the possibility of coccidioidomycosis in persons with recent
travel to or residence in an area where the disease is endemic.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3012635/<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<b>5 Diseases More Common in Minorities</b><br />
<br />
Oct 13, 2011 <br />
<br />
Although
more and more people are living longer with colorectal cancer, new
research has found that black people with the disease aren't living as
long as whites.<br />
<br />
In an analysis of more than 14,000
patients with stage 2 and 3 colorectal cancer who had surgery to remove
tumors, followed by treatment to prevent recurrence, the 1,218
African-American patients had a lower five-year survival rate than their
white counterparts, according to researchers, led by Greg Yothers of
the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Biostatistical
Center in Pittsburgh.<br />
<br />
Five years after diagnosis, 72.8 percent of white patients survived cancer, but only 68.2 percent of blacks survived.<br />
<br />
Colorectal
cancer isn't the only medical condition that disproportionately affects
certain races. Black people, for example, have much poorer health
outcomes for a number of diseases.<br />
<br />
"Across the board,
if you look at the 15 leading causes of death in the U.S., blacks have
higher death rates than whites in about 12 of them, including heart
disease, cancer and stroke," said David Williams, the Norman professor
of public health at the Harvard School of Public Health.<br />
Cancer<br />
Heart disease <br />
HIV/AIDS<br />
<br />
Diabetes<br />
<br />
<br />
Osteoporosis<br />
<br />
<br />
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/diseases-common-minorities/story?id=14722258<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Why 7 Deadly Diseases Strike Blacks Most</b><br />
<br />
Health care disparities heighten disease differences between African-Americans and white Americans.<br />
<br />
Several deadly diseases strike black Americans harder and more often than they do white Americans.<br />
<br />
Fighting
back means genetic research. It means changing the system for testing
new drugs. It means improving health education. It means overcoming
disparities in health care. It means investments targeted to the health
of black Americans. And the evidence so far indicates that these
investments will pay health dividends not just for racial minorities,
but for everyone.<br />
<br />
Yet we're closer to the beginning of the fight than to the end. Some numbers:<br />
<br />
Diabetes is 60% more common in black Americans than in white Americans.
Blacks are up to 2.5 times more likely to suffer a limb amputation and
up to 5.6 times more likely to suffer kidney disease than other people
with diabetes.<br />
African-Americans are three times more likely to die of asthma than white Americans.<br />
Deaths from lung scarring -- sarcoidosis -- are 16 times more common
among blacks than among whites. The disease recently killed former NFL
star Reggie White at age 43.<br />
Despite lower tobacco exposure, black men are 50% more likely than white men to get lung cancer.<br />
Strokes<b> </b>kill
4 times more 35- to 54-year-old black Americans than white Americans.
Blacks have nearly twice the first-time stroke risk of whites.<br />
Blacks develop high blood pressure earlier in life -- and with much
higher blood pressure levels -- than whites. Nearly 42% of black men and
more than 45% of black women aged 20 and older have high blood
pressure.<br />
Cancer treatment is equally successful for all
races. Yet black men have a 40% higher cancer death rate than white men.
African-American women have a 20% higher cancer death rate than white
women.<br />
<br />
http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/features/why-7-deadly-diseases-strike-blacks-most#1<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 id="article-title-1">
<span style="font-size: large;">A Genetically Engineered Live Attenuated Vaccine of <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> Protects BALB/c Mice against Coccidioidomycosis</span></h1>
2007<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: small;">ABSTRACT</span></h2>
<div id="p-3">
Coccidioidomycosis (also known as San
Joaquin Valley fever) is an occupational disease. Workers exposed to
outdoor dust which
contains spores of the soil-inhabiting fungus have a
significantly increased risk of respiratory infection. In addition,
people
with compromised T-cell immunity, the elderly, and
certain racial groups, particularly African-Americans and Filipinos, who
live in regions of endemicity in the southwestern
United States have an elevated incidence of symptomatic infection caused
by inhalation of spores of <i>Coccidioides posadasii</i> or <i>Coccidioides immitis</i>.
Recurring epidemics and escalation of medical costs have helped to
motivate production of a vaccine against valley fever.
The major focus has been the development of a
defined, T-cell-reactive, recombinant protein vaccine. However, none of
the
products described to date have provided full
protection to coccidioidal disease-susceptible BALB/c mice. Here we
describe
the first genetically engineered, live, attenuated
vaccine that protects both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice against
coccidioidomycosis. </div><p>
<br />
http://iai.asm.org/content/77/8/3196.full<br />
<br />
---------------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Who Gets Lupus</b><br />
<br />
It has been estimated that lupus affects 1.5 million Americans, and millions more worldwide.<br />
<br />
Although the cause of lupus is unknown, genetics and hormones are thought to play a role.<br />
Ninety percent are young women<br />
<br />
The
majority of people with lupus—90 percent—are female, and most first
develop signs and symptoms of the illness between the ages of 15 and 44.<br />
<br />
As adults, far fewer males than females develop lupus.<br />
<br />
The scenario is much different under age 18 and over age 50, when as many males as females have the disease.<br />
<br />
Many
men struggle with the idea that they have a “woman’s disease,” in fact
the diagnosis has no connection to manliness. Find out more about lupus
in men<br />
Lupus discriminates against African American, Latina, and Native American women<br />
<br />
African-American
women are three times more likely than Caucasian women to get lupus and
develop severe symptoms, with as many as 1 in every 250 affected.<br />
<br />
And
the disease is two times more prevalent in Asian-American and Latina
women than it is in Caucasian women. Women of Native American descent
are also disproportionately affected.<br />
<br />
The famous Lupus
in Minorities: Nature Versus Nurture (LUMINA) study—a large
multi-ethnic, multi-regional, and multi-institutional examination of
lupus begun in 1993—found that genetic and ethnic factors are more
important than socioeconomic ones in influencing disease activity.<br />
<br />
The study tracked death, damage, disability, and disease activity.<br />
<br />
The
results also suggest that there are probably other genetic factors
affecting the presentation of the disease in the African-American and
Latino communities.<br />
<br />
The researchers have published
numerous papers reporting study findings on the relative contribution of
genetic and socioeconomic factors on the course and outcome of lupus in
Latinos, African Americans, and Caucasians.<br />
<br />
LUMINA findings include:<br />
<br />
African-Americans and Latinas with lupus tend to develop the disease
earlier in life, experience greater disease activity such as kidney
problems, and, overall, have more complications than Caucasian patients.<br />
Latinas had a poorer prognosis overall than Caucasian women, were more
likely to have kidney involvement and damage, and showed a more rapid
rate of kidney failure.<br />
African-Americans have a higher frequency of neurological problems such as seizures, hemorrhage, and stroke.<br />
Latinas experience a higher level of cardiac disease. <br />
<br />
What
have we learned from a 10-year experience with the LUMINA (Lupus in
Minorities; Nature vs. nurture) cohort? Where are we heading? Read the
PubMed abstract<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.lupusny.org/about-lupus/who-gets-lupus<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Ethnicity-Related Skeletal Muscle Differences Across the Lifespan</b><br />
<br />
Jan, 2010<br />
<br />
Abstract<br />
<br />
Despite
research and clinical significance, limited information is available on
the relations between skeletal muscle (SM) and age in adults,
specifically among Hispanics, African Americans (AA), and Asians. The
aim was to investigate possible sex and ethnic SM differences in adults
over an age range of 60 years. Subjects were 468 male and 1280 female
adults (=18 years). SM was estimated based on DXA-measured appendicular
lean-soft tissue using a previously reported prediction equation.
Locally weighted regression smoothing lines were fit to examine SM
trends and to localize age cutoffs; piecewise multiple linear regression
models were then applied, controlling for weight and height, to
identify age cutoffs for sex-specific changes in SM among the ethnic
groups. The age of 27 years was identified for women and men as the
cut-off after which SM starts to show a negative association with age.
Both sexes had a similar ethnic pattern for expected mean SM at the age
cutoff, with AA presenting the highest SM values, followed by Whites,
Hispanics, and Asians. After the age cutoffs, the lowering of SM
differed by ethnicity and sex: AA women showed the greatest SM lowering
whereas Hispanic women had the least. Hispanic men tended to show a
higher negative association of SM with age followed by AA and Whites. To
conclude, significant sex and ethnic differences exist in the magnitude
of negative associations of SM with age >27 years. Further studies
using a longitudinal design are needed to explore the associations of
ethnicity-related decline of SM with health risks.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2795070/<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------------</p><p> </p><p><b>Who were the ghost people of Africa? DNA reveals ancient Africans bred with new unknown race of humans just 50,000 years ago</b><br />
<br />
13 February 2020<br />
<br />
The researchers studied the genetic material of 405 people from West Africa<br />
They discovered mystery genetic material, which they have termed 'ghost DNA'<br />
It suggests that humans mixed with an unknown group about 50,000 years ago<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7997861/New-study-shows-ghost-DNA-modern-day-population-west-Africa.html<br />
<br />
<br />-------------------------------- </p><p> <br /><b>The 'Ghosts' of 2 Unknown Extinct Human Species Have Been Found in Modern DNA</b><br /><br />17 JULY 2019<br /><br />https://www.sciencealert.com/two-unknown-species-of-ancient-extinct-hominids-have-been-identified-in-modern-dna</p><p>--------------------------------</p><p><b>Aboriginal Australians, Pacific Islanders carry DNA of unknown human species, research analysis suggests</b></p><p><b> </b><br />October 2016<br /><br />https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-26/dna-of-extinct-human-species-pacific-islanders-analysis-suggests/7968950</p><p>----------------------------- <br /></p><p> </p><p><b>Close inbreeding and low genetic diversity in Inner Asian human populations despite geographical exogamy</b><br /><br />2018<br /><br />https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-27047-3<br /><br /><br />-----------------------<br /><br /><b>“Chinese Are a Subspecies”</b><br /><br />All Look Same?<br /><br />http://alllooksame.com/chinese-are-a-subspecies/<br />
<br />
----------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Not Politically Correct</b><br />
<br />
Human Biodiversity, IQ, Evolutionary Psychology, and Evolution<br />
<br />
https://notpoliticallycorrect.me/2016/10/19/blacks-are-not-stronger-than-whites/<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Race and health</b><br />
<br />
Race
and health refers to the relationship between individual health and
one's race and ethnicity. Differences in health status, health outcomes,
life expectancy, and many other indicators of health in different
racial and ethnic groups is well documented, referred to as health
disparities. Race is a complex concept, and the two major competing
theories of race use biological definitions and social construction to
define racial difference. Although this relationship can vary depending
on the definitions used, race is generally used in the context of health
research as a fluid concept to group populations of people according to
various factors that include but are not limited to ancestry, social
identity, visible phenotype, and genetic makeup. Determinants of
health include environmental, social, and genetic factors, as well as
the person's individual characteristics and behaviors.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Inequality in disease</b><br />
<br />
While
rates of incidence for many diseases vary based on biological factors
and inheritable characteristics, a larger disparity, which cannot be
explained by biological factors, exists in disease rates among varying
racial and socioeconomic groups in the United States (for example,
lower-income African-Americans and upper-class Caucasians). This
suggests that social and economic factors play a role in determining who
acquires certain diseases in the United States. For example, heart
disease is the most dangerous disease in America, followed closely by
cancer, with the fifth most deadly being diabetes. The general risk
factors associated with these three diseases include obesity and poor
diet, tobacco and alcohol use, physical inactivity, and access to
medical care and health information. While some of these risk factors
are individual health choices, all of them are also correlated with
socioeconomic factors, such as gender, race, income, environment, and
education, and consequently, a person’s likelihood for developing heart
disease, cancer, or diabetes is in part correlated with these social
factors. Men are more likely than women to die from heart disease.
Likewise, African-Americans and other racial minorities have higher
mortality rates from heart disease, cancer, and diabetes than their
white counterparts. Among all racial groups, individuals who are
impoverished or low income, have lower levels of educational attainment,
and live in lower-income neighborhoods are all more likely to develop
heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequality_in_disease<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Environmental racism</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_racism<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Beauty Products Marketed to Black Women May Contain More Hazardous Chemicals: Report</b><br />
<br />
Dec 06, 2016<br />
<br />
<br />
Beauty
and hair products marketed to black women are more likely to contain
potentially harmful chemicals and ingredients, according to a new report
from a nonprofit environmental research group.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://time.com/4591079/beauty-products-marketed-to-black-women-may-contain-more-hazardous-chemicals-report/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
</p><h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: small;">Prenatal Exposure To Flame Retardants Linked With Lower IQ In Children</span></h1>
<h4 class="entry-subtitle">
A risk found to be greater than lead exposure</h4>
<span class="date">August 9, 2017</span><br />
<br />
<span class="date">https://www.infowars.com/prenatal-exposure-to-flame-retardants-linked-with-lower-iq-in-children/ </span><br />
<br />
--------------- <br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">For
more information on toxins in food and cosmetics, view our book titled
"The DuPont Investigation" - DuPontInvestigation.Blogspot.com</span></b><br />
<br />
---------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race</b><br />
<br />
June 22, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
As a young U.S. Army soldier during World War II, Rollins Edwards knew better than to refuse an assignment.<br />
<br />
When
officers led him and a dozen others into a wooden gas chamber and
locked the door, he didn't complain. None of them did. Then, a mixture
of mustard gas and a similar agent called lewisite was piped inside.<br />
<br />
"It
felt like you were on fire," recalls Edwards, now 93 years old. "Guys
started screaming and hollering and trying to break out. And then some
of the guys fainted. And finally they opened the door and let us out,
and the guys were just, they were in bad shape."<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Edwards
was one of 60,000 enlisted men enrolled in a once-secret government
program — formally declassified in 1993 — to test mustard gas and other
chemical agents on American troops. But there was a specific reason he
was chosen: Edwards is African-American.<br />
<br />
"They said we were being tested to see what effect these gases would have on black skins," Edwards says.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.npr.org/2015/06/22/415194765/u-s-troops-tested-by-race-in-secret-world-war-ii-chemical-experiments<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Watch: Racists Caught Putting Poison In Vaccines</span></h1>
<h1 class="entry-title">
</h1>
<h4 class="entry-subtitle">
Americans must come together to fight against all oppression</h4>
<h4 class="entry-subtitle">
</h4>
<span class="author">
Infowars.com - </span>
<span class="date">August 14, 2017</span><br />
<br />
https://www.infowars.com/watch-racists-caught-putting-poison-in-vaccines/<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------------------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="entry-title">
<span style="font-size: large;">Black Babies being ‘Disproportionately Affected’ by MMR Vaccine Autism</span></h1>
<br />
11/07/2015<br />
<br />
<br />
http://vaxxter.com/black-babies-being-disproportionately-affected-by-mmr-vaccine-autism/<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------------- <br />
<br />
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Depo Provera shot exposed! Present day eugenics</span></h1>
The Depo Provera has proven side effects that the FDA overlook and target non whites with this product<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDqHtPtTmjI<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="page-header">
<span style="font-size: large;">New Documentary Alleges CDC Withheld Proof of Link Between Vaccines and Autism in Black Boys</span></h1>
<br />
<span class="publish-date-time"><span class="date">Jan 26, 2016</span></span><br />
<br />
A controversial scientist says the data
was omitted from an official CDC report a decade ago. The agency says
the link doesn't exist.<br />
<br />
<br />
There has long been a debate about the link between vaccinations and
autism, beginning with a now widely discredited study from British
medical researcher <a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E7DC1E3BF935A35752C0A9679D8B63&rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FWakefield%2C%20Andrew&action=click&contentCollection=timestopics&region=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=6&pgtype=collection" target="_blank">Andrew Wakefield</a>. Now, a new documentary from <a href="http://truthinmedia.com/truth-in-media-to-release-documentary-cdc-documents/" target="_blank">TruthInMedia.com</a> alleges that not only is there a link, but that the Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (<span class="caps">CDC</span>) covered it up.<br />
In 2014, <span class="caps">CDC</span> doctor William Thompson sent
Congress paperwork that he said was proof that the agency withheld data
that suggested that Black boys who received the measles, mumps and
rubella (<span class="caps">MMR</span>) vaccine before the age of 36 months were at increased risk of developing autism. The <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/Autism/cdc2004pediatrics.html" target="_blank"><span class="caps">CDC</span> maintains</a> that there was not enough data to draw race-based conclusions, and Snopes.com has an <a href="http://www.snopes.com/medical/disease/cdcwhistleblower.asp" target="_blank">extensive post</a> meant to debunk Thompson’s claims.<br />
https://www.colorlines.com/articles/new-documentary-alleges-cdc-withheld-proof-link-between-vaccines-and-autism-black-boys<br />
<br />
----- <br />
<br />
<b>Is Swine Flu A Race-Specific Virus?</b><br />
<br />
April 29, 2009<br />
<br />
<br />
First
death in U.S. is Mexican toddler, prompting questions about why only
hispanics have died despite outbreak spreading to at least ten
countries.<br />
<br />
<br />
The first swine flu death in the
United States has been confirmed, but the victim is a Mexican toddler
who caught the illness in Mexico before traveling to Texas. Serious
questions must now be asked about why a virus that has spread across at
least 10 countries and is suspected in many others has only killed
hispanics, and whether a race-specific bio-weapon is being beta-tested.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.prisonplanet.com/is-swine-flu-a-race-specific-virus.html<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Can genes be patented?</b><br />
<br />
A
gene patent is the exclusive rights to a specific sequence of DNA (a
gene) given by a government to the individual, organization, or
corporation who claims to have first identified the gene. Once granted a
gene patent, the holder of the patent dictates how the gene can be
used, in both commercial settings, such as clinical genetic testing, and
in noncommercial settings, including research, for 20 years from the
date of the patent. Gene patents have often resulted in companies having
sole ownership of genetic testing for patented genes.<br />
<br />
On
June 13, 2013, in the case of the Association for Molecular Pathology
v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., the Supreme Court of the United States ruled
that human genes cannot be patented in the U.S. because DNA is a
"product of nature." The Court decided that because nothing new is
created when discovering a gene, there is no intellectual property to
protect, so patents cannot be granted. Prior to this ruling, more than
4,300 human genes were patented. The Supreme Court's decision
invalidated those gene patents, making the genes accessible for research
and for commercial genetic testing.<br />
<br />
The Supreme
Court's ruling did allow that DNA manipulated in a lab is eligible to be
patented because DNA sequences altered by humans are not found in
nature. The Court specifically mentioned the ability to patent a type of
DNA known as complementary DNA (cDNA). This synthetic DNA is produced
from the molecule that serves as the instructions for making proteins
(called messenger RNA).<br />
<br />
<br />
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/testing/genepatents<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<b>How did patenting cause conflicts within the Human Genome Project?</b><br />
<br />
Some
scientists involved in the Human Genome Project upset the collaborative
nature by trying to patent sections of the DNA sequence for their own
financial gain.<br />
<br />
Despite the collaborative atmosphere
established during the years of the Human Genome Project?, it was not
without its conflicts and disagreements.<br />
<br />
Some
scientists displayed differing ideas that threatened the progress of the
project. Many were keen to achieve the scientific recognition of making
an important discovery whilst also wanting to accommodate the needs of
their corporate partners and make money!<br />
<br />
“Through patenting, companies could gain ownership over specific sequences of DNA or genes.<br />
<br />
Patenting
was one way individuals were able to make commercial profit from the
Human Genome Project. Through patenting?, companies could gain ownership
over specific sequences of DNA? or genes?. This meant the company would
have full rights over that sequence, allowing them to decide who can
profit from carrying out research on it (and how much they charge them
to access it) and how much to charge individuals wanting to be tested
for those genes.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.yourgenome.org/stories/how-did-patenting-cause-conflicts-within-the-human-genome-project<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Chinese Scientists Genetically Modify Human Embryos—Again</b><br />
<br />
4/8/16<br />
<br />
Just
one year after scientists in China made history by modifying the DNA of
human embryos, a second team of Chinese researchers has done it again.
Using CRISPR/Cas9, the researchers introduced HIV-resistance into the
embryos, showcasing the tremendous potential for gene-editing.<br />
<br />
In
that earlier work, the Chinese scientists modified a gene responsible
for a fatal blood disorder, but the embryos were quickly destroyed after
the experiment. It was a watershed moment in biotechnology, showcasing
the tremendous potential of CRISPR—a powerful gene editing tool—to alter
our offspring at the genetic level. Should this technology ever reach
the clinical stage, it could be used to eliminate all sorts of genetic
diseases, but it could also be used to introduce entirely new
capacities.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://gizmodo.com/chinese-scientists-genetically-modify-human-embryos-aga-1769884160<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<b>Massive DNA Collection Campaign in Xinjiang, China</b><br />
<br />
https://soylentnews.org/article.pl?sid=17/05/26/0254237&from=rss<br />
<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>GOP Bill Would Allow Genetic Testing Demands By Employers</b><br />
<b>It Might Soon Be Legal for Employers to Force You Into a Genetic Test</b><br />
<br />
Mar 10, 2017<br />
<br />
<br />
http://fortune.com/2017/03/10/genetic-testing-workplace-wellness-bill/<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Employees who decline genetic testing could face penalties under proposed bill</b><br />
<br />
March 11, 2017<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.journalnow.com/news/local/employees-who-decline-genetic-testing-could-face-penalties-under-proposed/article_ec4136ca-650a-5ecd-9963-f5fb91acf1d4.html<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Completely unconstitutional bill proposes forced genetic screening for employees</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://voat.co/v/pizzagate/comments/1710447<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Bill S-201: Liberal Backbenchers Defy Trudeau To Approve Genetic Testing Bill</b><br />
<br />
<br />
OTTAWA
— Liberal backbenchers have defied Prime Minister Justin Trudeau,
voting in favour of a bill that would bar health and life insurance
companies from forcing clients to disclose the results of genetic
testing.<br />
<br />
Just hours before the vote late Wednesday in
the House of Commons, Trudeau said the proposed law is unconstitutional
because it intrudes on provincial jurisdiction. He recommended that MPs
vote against it.<br />
<br />
But most Liberal backbenchers, along
with Conservative and New Democrat MPs, ignored Trudeau's warning. The
bill passed by a vote of 222-60.<br />
<br />
It was a free vote,
meaning Liberal backbenchers were not required to toe the party line.
They did, however, come under pressure from the government, including
Trudeau.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/03/08/trudeau-bill-s-201-unconstitutional-_n_15246810.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;">{Many
say that genetic testing is being done for several reasons, such as the
government wanting to have your DNA, and for Obamacare or health
insurance companies to have your information as well. This is also being
done, because the government would like to also be able to do more
scientific research, with many of these chemicals, including pollution
being introduced in our society, and that can even change your DNA over a
period of time. If your DNA can change or mutate, then you would think
that the government would want to have an update on your DNA. Many claim
that evolution in animals is caused by a DNA mutation, this can be a
good thing. DNA mutations can also be bad, and can lead to health
problems, including cancer. Radiation can even cause a mutation in the
DNA of different organisms. Many say that one of the goals of many of
these agencies such as MI5 and other security agencies, is to master the
genetic coding, sequence and structure of DNA, through various
techniques, including with genetic modification. To many, DNA is
considered one of the great mysteries in our universe and even a miracle
of life. Many even talk how the government wants everyone's DNA, in
order to have a database to track people. You can even put DNA in a
database, for drones to find people with just pointing a lazer at you,
to identify you, and even harm or detain an individual. Some question if
this is being done to verify certain races of people as well}.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<b>Russia 'collects DNA samples' of Muslim women</b><br />
<br />
2013 <br />
<br />
Saliva samples of conservative women taken in wake of spate of suicide attacks in run-up to Sochi Winter Olympics.<br />
<br />
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/russia-collects-dna-samples-muslim-women-2013103181444480202.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Your DNA Changes</b><br />
<br />
https://www.genisyss.com/dna-changes/<br />
<br />
<br />
Many
people are not aware that their DNA changes over time. Because DNA can
be used for identification purposes, people assume that it remains the
same over the course of their life. Although the pattern of the
nucleotides (AGCT) doesn’t change, a process called DNA methylation
describes the important changes that can occur and have been associated
with the appearance of various medical conditions. An entire field of
science, epigenetics, studies DNA and how it chemically changes. Every
day, we encounter numerous factors that change our DNA including the
sun’s radiation, pollution, chemicals in our foods and surroundings, and
even stress. These DNA changes contribute to the expression of genetic
and lifestyle-linked diseases including heart disease, cancer, diabetes,
autism and a long list of others. Many of these diseases are incurable,
but with the rapid progress that genetic research is making, this is
changing. Already, DNA is being used therapeutically, and its usage is
becoming an integral part of precision medicine. Stem cell research has
identified ways to deliver therapeutic DNA to specific sites in your
body. DNA is central to disease prevention and treatment. <br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Isolated populations and complex disease gene identification</b><br />
<br />
200<br />
<br />
<span class="CaptionNumber"> Table 1</span>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<figure class="FigureTable" id="Tab1"><figcaption class="Caption" lang="en"><div class="CaptionContent">
<div class="SimplePara">
Recent genetic studies of complex diseases and traits in special populations</div>
<div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</div>
</figcaption><div class="Table">
<table border="1"><colgroup><col></col><col></col><col></col><col></col></colgroup><thead>
<tr class="header"><th align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Complex disease/trait</div>
</th><th align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Gene/locus</div>
</th><th align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Population/isolate</div>
</th><th align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
Reference</div>
</th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Affective disorders</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Several loci</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Northern Sweden</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Asthma</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
IRAK-M (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Sardinia</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Asthma</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
CHI3L1 (chitinase 3-like 1)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Hutterites</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Asthma</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
NPSR1 (neuropeptide S receptor 1)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Finland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Atrial fibrillation</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
4q25</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Bipolar disorder</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
5q31-34</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Antioquia (Colombia), Central Valley of Costa Rica</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Bone mineral density</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Several loci</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Breast cancer</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
5p12, 2q35, 16q12</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Myocardial infarction</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
9p21</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Coronary heart disease</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
8p22</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
French Canadians</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Crohn's disease</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Several loci</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
French Canadians</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Fasting glucose levels</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
G6PC2 (glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic, 2)/ABCB11 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 11) region</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Finland, Sardinia</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Exfoliation glaucoma</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
LOXL1 (lysyl oxidase-like 1)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Height</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Several loci</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Height</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
GDF5 (growth differentiation factor 5)/UQCC (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex chaperone) locus</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Finland, Sardinia, Amish</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Nicotine dependence and smoking-related diseases</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
15q24</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Obesity</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
FTO (fat mass and obesity associated), PFKP (phosphofructokinase, platelet)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Sardinia</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Parkinson's disease</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
GBA (β-glucocerebrosidase)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Ashkenazi Jews</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Pigmentation</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Several genes</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Prostate cancer</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Xp11.22, 2p15, 17q</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Psychotic and bipolar spectrum disorders</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
TSNAX (translin-associated factor X)/DISC1(disrupted in schizophrenia 1) locus</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Finland</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Psychosis</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
TGIF (TGFB-induced factor)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Central Valley of Costa Rica</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Schizophrenia</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
DRD2 (dopamine D2 receptor)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Basques</div>
</td><td align="center"><div class="SimplePara">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="noclass"><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Type 2 diabetes</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
CDKAL1 (CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1-like 1)</div>
</td><td align="left"><div class="SimplePara">
Iceland</div>
</td><td align="center"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</figure> https://genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2008-9-8-109<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------- -<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Finnish heritage disease</b><br />
<br />
Finnish heritage diseases include:<br />
<br />
APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy—candidiasis—ectodermal dystrophy)<br />
Aspartylglucosaminuria, a lysosomal storage disease<br />
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia<br />
Congenital nephrotic syndrome, a kidney disease of newborn babies<br />
Congenital chloride diarrhea<br />
Congenital stromal corneal dystrophy<br />
GRACILE syndrome<br />
Lethal arthrogryposis with anterior horn cell disease<br />
Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 1<br />
Meretoja syndrome<br />
Meckel syndrome<br />
Myotonia congenita<br />
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia<br />
Salla disease, a lysosomal storage disease<br />
PEHO syndrome<br />
Rapadilino syndrome<br />
Retinoschisis<br />
Usher syndrome<br />
<br />
Three
rare causes of dwarfism are included in the Finnish heritage:
cartilage–hair hypoplasia, diastrophic dysplasia and Mulibrey nanism.<br />
<br />
Four
genetically distinct subtypes of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis are
found in the Finnish heritage: CLN1, CLN3, CLN5, and CLN8. Names for
conditions associated with these subtypes include infantile neuronal
ceroid lipofuscinosis, Jansky–Bielschowsky disease and northern epilepsy
syndrome. As of 2001, CLN5 and CLN8 had been reported almost
exclusively in Finland.<br />
<br />
Meckel syndrome type 1 (MKS1[10]), a lethal condition, is known in 48 Finnish families.<br />
Other genetic diseases<br />
<br />
The
European Organization for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) estimates that there
are between 5,000 and 7,000 distinct rare diseases, affecting between
6% and 8% of the population of the European Union. The majority of
genetic diseases reported in Finland are not part of the Finnish disease
heritage and their prevalence is not higher in Finland than worldwide.<br />
<br />
Some
genetic diseases are disproportionately rare in Finns. These include
cystic fibrosis and phenylketonuria. In Finland, about 1 in 80 persons
are carriers of a cystic fibrosis mutation, compared with an average of 1
in 25 elsewhere in Europe.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_heritage_disease<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Finland's Fascinating Genes</b><br />
<br />
April. 2005<br />
<br />
The
people in this land of lakes and forests are so alike that scientists
can filter out the genes that contribute to heart disease, diabetes, and
asthma<br />
<br />
http://discovermagazine.com/2005/apr/29-finlands-fascinating-genes<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Unique disease heritage of the Dutch-German Mennonite population</b>.<br />
<br />
April 15, 2008<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18348259<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> Molecular diagnosis of some common genetic diseases in Russia and</b><br />
<b>the former USSR: present and future.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
1993<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1016272/pdf/jmedgene00004-0055.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<b>Coronavirus: Iceland’s mass testing finds half of carriers show no symptoms</b><br />
<br />
25 March 2020<br />
<br />
https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2020/03/25/Coronavirus-Iceland-s-mass-testing-finds-half-of-carriers-show-no-symptoms<br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Prevalences of hereditary diseases in different populations of Russia</b><br />
<br />
Sep 2007<br />
<br />
<br />
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1022795407090104<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>The Vikings and Baron Dupuytren's disease</b><br />
<br />
Oct, 2001<br />
<br />
<br />
Dupuytren’s
disease (DD) is an ancient affliction of unknown origin. It is defined
by Dorland as shortening, thickening, and fibrosis of the palmar fascia
producing a flexion deformity of a finger. Tradition has it that the
disease originated with the Vikings, who spread it throughout Northern
Europe and beyond as they traveled and intermarried. After being present
for hundreds of years, DD was named in the 19th century after a famous
French surgeon, who was not the first to describe it. This article
reviews the history of DD and describes its incidence, clinical
manifestations, and treatment.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1305903/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Vikings could be to blame for why Scots have highest levels of multiple sclerosis in the world, say scientists</b><br />
<br />
December 10, 2012<br />
<br />
Study found one in every 170 women in the Orkney Islands suffers from multiple sclerosis<br />
It is the highest rate in the world and has been linked with their Norse ancestry<br />
Scientists say Vitamin D deficiency could also be to blame<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2245978/Vikings-blame-Scots-highest-levels-multiple-sclerosis.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Human genetics: lessons from Quebec populations.</b><br />
<br />
2001<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701644<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Hereditary disorders in the French Canadian population of Quebec. I. In search of founders.</b><br />
<br />
1994<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8194844<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Europe's most common genetic disease is a liver disorder</b><br />
<br />
Feb 6, 2012<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.embl.de/aboutus/communication_outreach/media_relations/2008/080205_heidelberg/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Ethnicity and adverse drug reactions</b><br />
<br />
Personalised drug treatment is getting closer but will not replace good clinical judgment<br />
<br />
May 2006<br />
<br />
Whether
ethnicity is an important contributor to the variable outcome of drug
treatment is still a matter of debate. Research evidence on such
associations is limited in quantity and variable in quality. Too often
patients' ethnicity is classified by using poorly defined criteria or an
inadequate scientific basis. Indeed, both skin colour and self
identification of ethnic origin seem to be poorly correlated with
molecular genetics, and most genetic variability is found within, rather
than among, continental populations. In addition, ethnic differences in
drug response might originate from cultural or environmental factors.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1463978/<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Lupus in AfroCaribbeans and Other Ethnic Groups</b><br />
<br />
<br />
1997<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.lupus-support.org.uk/Ethnic.htm<br />
<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> The HPV Vaccine and the Case for Race-Based Medicine</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Nov 1, 2013<br />
<br />
<br />
The
human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, approved in 2006, protects against
strains of the virus responsible for 70% of cervical cancers. But what
about the remaining 30%?<br />
<br />
It turns out that those
strains circulate more frequently among African-American and non-white
Hispanic women, meaning that even if they are properly immunized, these
populations aren’t protected against the sexually transmitted virus and
the cancer it can cause...<br />
<br />
<br />
http://healthland.time.com/2013/11/01/the-hpv-vaccine-and-the-case-for-race-based-medicine/<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Study: Whites with muscular dystrophy live up to 12 years longer than blacks</b><br />
<br />
Sep 13, 2010<br />
<br />
Whites
with muscular dystrophy live up to 12 years longer than their African
American counterparts, according to a study published Monday in
Neurology.<br />
<br />
Although medical advancements over a period
of 20 years increased the life span of patients with the debilitating
muscle disease, those improvements haven’t been equal among different
groups.White women with muscular dystrophy had a median death age of 63,
versus 51 for African American women. For men, their median age at
death was 33, versus 23 for African American males.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2010/09/13/study-whites-with-muscular-dystrophy-live-up-to-12-years-longer-than-blacks/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Health Disparities in Hormone Disorders</b><br />
<br />
Oct 2013<br />
<br />
What are health disparities?<br />
<br />
Health
disparities refer to unequal health status or health care between
groups of people due to differences in their background, physical
traits, or their environment. Group differences include race/ethnicity,
country of origin, sex, income, and disability. These and other
differences can affect how often people in a group get a disease, how
sick they are, and their chance of dying from the disease. Some people
may not be able to get good health care or have the opportunity to make
healthy lifestyle choices.<br />
<br />
Unfortunately, health
disparities affect large and diverse groups of people. They exist for
many types of illnesses, including endocrine (hormone) disorders and
diseases.<br />
<br />
<b>Type 2 diabetes</b><br />
<br />
Compared with white adults, minority adults are more likely to<br />
<br />
Develop type 2 diabetes<br />
Have diabetic complications such as diabetes eye disease and kidney disease<br />
Die from diabetes<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Gestational diabetes</b><br />
<br />
Women
who have new diabetes during pregnancy are more apt to develop type 2
diabetes later. Gestational diabetes is more common in Hispanics,
Asians, and Native Americans than in whites or blacks. Yet, for some
reason, black women who do get this type of diabetes are even more
likely to develop type 2 diabetes than women of other races. This holds
true even when the groups have the same body mass index, or BMI (a
measure of body size).<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Osteoporosis</b><br />
<br />
Fracture
frequency: Fractures (broken bones) due to the bone-thinning disease
osteoporosis are more common in white women than minorities. Yet black
women are more likely to die than white women after breaking a hip. This
may be because blacks are older and more often have other severe health
problems at the time of fracture.<br />
<br />
Gaps in diagnosis
and treatment: Compared with whites, black women who had a fracture are
less likely to receive a diagnosis of osteoporosis. And if they are at
risk for fracture, black women receive preventive osteoporosis medicine
less often than whites do.<br />
Low vitamin D<br />
<br />
A
shortage of vitamin D in the body worsens bone health and may raise the
risk for some other diseases. Low vitamin D is a common problem among
all races and ethnic groups, but blacks have lower vitamin D levels than
others. There likely are many reasons for blacks’ higher risk for
vitamin D shortage. One reason is their dark skin lessens their ability
to make vitamin D from the sun. Compared with whites, blacks also tend
to have less intake of vitamin D from supplements and their diet.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/scientific-statements/health-disparities<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Study Links Disparities in Pain Management to Racial Bias</b><br />
<br />
April 04, 2016<br />
<br />
https://news.virginia.edu/content/study-links-disparities-pain-management-racial-bias<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>The Impact of Race or Ethnicity in Crohn's Disease</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Edward V. Loftus, Jr., M.D.<br />
<br />
Professor of Medicine<br />
<br />
Mayo Clinic<br />
<br />
Rochester, Minnesota, USA<br />
<br />
<br />
Caucasians, especially northern European<br />
<br />
<b>ancestry</b><br />
–<br />
<br />
Scandinavia<br />
–<br />
<br />
Northern Europe<br />
–<br />
<br />
British Isles<br />
<br />
–<br />
<br />
United States and Canada<br />
<br />
•<br />
<br />
Increased risk in Jews<br />
<br />
<br />
Uncommon in African Americans and other racial minorities in U.S.<br />
<br />
http://www.gihealthfoundation.org/GI_news_and_library/library/ppts/IBD/impactofraceethnicity.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>How Does Race Affect COPD?</b><br />
<br />
Oct 8, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
Chronic
obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) is one of the many chronic lung
diseases that can leave sufferers struggling to breathe. It is the
fourth leading cause of death in the United States, and while it is
estimated that 12.7 million people have COPD, it is also assumed that
there is a vast number of individuals with COPD who are not diagnosed.
Many of the individuals who are undiagnosed may not fit into the
majority racial profile. Currently, there are more Caucasian individuals
diagnosed with COPD than those of African decent—despite newer research
showing that the gap may not actually be significant. By having a
larger volume of white individuals diagnosed with COPD, scientists
previously accepted the notion that white individuals are more
susceptible to COPD than black individuals. Surprisingly, new research
refutes this finding as African American individuals are more likely to
receive a COPD diagnosis at a younger age and with less of a
cumulative-smoking background, or less years with first-hand smoke.
Theoretically, this supports the idea that African Americans are more
susceptible to COPD. With findings pointing in different directions,
scientists are baffled by the potential connection between COPD and
race.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://lunginstitute.com/blog/how-does-race-affect-copd/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Genetics and Genomic Medicine in Colombia</b><br />
<br />
Mar 5, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
Genetic Disorders in Colombia<br />
<br />
We
have evidence from the pre-Columbian era on the recognition of certain
disorders from the Tumaco-La Tolita culture, a group of Amerindians
settled in what is now the Colombian and Ecuador coast circa the year
600 bc. A collection of clay figurines have preserved in incredible
detail the representation of what are thought to be prevalent genetic
syndromes in the population at that time, such as: Morquio, Down
syndrome, and Treacher-Collins<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4367080/<br />
<br />
<br />
---------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Medical genetics and genomic medicine in Chile: opportunities for improvement</b><br />
<br />
14 July 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mgg3.166/full<br />
<br />
----------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Ethical issues in genetics and public health in Latin America with a focus on Argentina</b><br />
<br />
July, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4524838/<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Rare disease landscape in Brazil: report of a successful experience in inborn errors of metabolism</b><br />
<br />
2016<br />
<br />
<b>The LSD Brazil network</b><br />
<br />
A
particular group of genetic metabolic conditions—the lysosomal storage
diseases, LSDs—has received a disproportionate attention among the IEM,
compared to their relative size (there are around 60 LSDs among the 600
IEM), as specific treatments—as enzyme replacement therapies, substrate
reduction therapy and molecular chaperones—became available for many of
these conditions. As the investigation for LSDs usually follows a
relatively different strategy compared to the investigation for the
other IEM, we decided to create a separate network:<br />
<br />
<b>The NPC Brazil network</b><br />
<br />
As
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease requires for its diagnosis an
invasive technical tool, the Filipin staining test performed in
fibroblasts, we set up an independent network to deal with the protocol
to diagnose this challenging disease.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13023-016-0458-3<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Movement disorders in Latin America</b><br />
<br />
<br />
June 29, 2005<br />
<br />
<br />
Contents<br />
<br />
1.<br />
<br />
Introduction<br />
<br />
....................................................................................126<br />
<br />
2.<br />
<br />
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonism<br />
<br />
.........................................................127<br />
<br />
3.<br />
<br />
Dystonia<br />
<br />
.......................................................................................127<br />
<br />
4.<br />
<br />
Tics<br />
<br />
..........................................................................................128<br />
<br />
5.<br />
<br />
Tremor<br />
<br />
........................................................................................128<br />
<br />
5.1.<br />
<br />
Chin tremor .<br />
<br />
..............................................................................128<br />
<br />
6.<br />
<br />
Infectious-parasitic and autoimmune<br />
<br />
..................................................................128<br />
<br />
6.1.<br />
<br />
HIV infection and AIDS<br />
<br />
......................................................................129<br />
<br />
6.2.<br />
<br />
Meningitis . .<br />
<br />
..............................................................................129<br />
<br />
6.3.<br />
<br />
Neurocysticercosis<br />
<br />
..........................................................................129<br />
<br />
6.4.<br />
<br />
Malaria<br />
<br />
..................................................................................130<br />
<br />
6.5.<br />
<br />
Paracoccidioidomycosis<br />
<br />
......................................................................130<br />
<br />
6.6.<br />
<br />
Sydenham’s chorea (SC)<br />
<br />
......................................................................130<br />
<br />
6.7.<br />
<br />
Prion disease<br />
<br />
..............................................................................131<br />
<br />
6.8.<br />
<br />
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)<br />
<br />
........................................................131<br />
<br />
7.<br />
<br />
Environmental and lifestyle<br />
<br />
.........................................................................132<br />
<br />
7.1.<br />
<br />
Central and peripheral trauma<br />
<br />
..................................................................132<br />
<br />
7.2.<br />
<br />
Drug-induced movement disorders (DIMD)<br />
<br />
........................................................132<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
7.3.<br />
<br />
Exposure to toxins—occupational neurology<br />
<br />
.......................................................132<br />
<br />
7.4.<br />
<br />
The parkinsonism complex of Guadeloupe<br />
<br />
.........................................................133<br />
<br />
8.<br />
<br />
Cerebrovascular disorders<br />
<br />
..........................................................................133<br />
<br />
9.<br />
<br />
Inherited movement disorders .<br />
<br />
......................................................................133<br />
<br />
9.1.<br />
<br />
Huntington’s disease . . .<br />
<br />
......................................................................133<br />
<br />
9.2.<br />
<br />
Spinocerebellar ataxias .<br />
<br />
......................................................................134<br />
<br />
9.2.1.<br />
<br />
SCA3—Machado–Joseph disease<br />
<br />
.........................................................134<br />
<br />
9.2.2.<br />
<br />
SCA 2<br />
<br />
.............................................................................134<br />
<br />
9.2.3.<br />
<br />
SCA 10<br />
<br />
............................................................................135<br />
<br />
9.2.4.<br />
<br />
Other SCAs . . .<br />
<br />
......................................................................135<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.neurologia.ufsc.br/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/mdla.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Medical genetics and genomic medicine in Chile: opportunities for improvement</b><br />
<br />
July 14, 2015<br />
<br />
<br />
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mgg3.166/full<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Latin-Americans with different Native-American ancestry show different health risks</b><br />
<br />
May 26, 2017 <br />
<br />
A genetic study of Chileans finds Mapuche and Aymara ancestry linked to different diseases<br />
<br />
<br />
Latin
Americans originate from a mix of people with Native American, European
and African ancestry. A new study finds that different types of
original Native American ancestry can be associated to different causes
of death. Justo Lorenzo Bermejo and Felix Boekstegers from Heidelberg
University in Germany, and their Chilean colleagues report these
findings in a new study published May 26th, 2017 in PLOS Genetics.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-05/p-law051817.php<br />
<br />
<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Respiratory diseases in the world</b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ersnet.org/pdf/publications/firs-world-report.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<b>Next generation sequencing: Coping with rare genetic diseases in China</b><br />
<br />
2016 August<br />
<br />
<br />
Each
year in China, we estimate that there are around 26,000 new DS patients
added to the population. This estimate is based on an annual birth rate
of 18 million newborn and a disease incidence of DS of 1 in 700 births.
Factoring in the life expectancy of DS patients which today is
generally over 50 years of age and, adjusting for population growth rate
over the last 50 years, we estimate that DS patients alone currently
account for around 1.4 million people. After DS, sex chromosomal
diseases, such as Turner (45,X), Klinefelter (47,XXY), Triple X syndrome
(47,XXX) and Jacob (47,XYY) syndromes have a combined incidence of 1 in
1,000 births (4). With a near normal life expectancy, the number of
Chinese individuals with sex chromosome disease syndromes is estimated
to exceed 2 million. In a review of chromosome disease incidence in the
United Stated (US), it has been estimated that the combined number of
patient's with other types of chromosome disease syndromes far exceeds
that of DS and sex chromosome disease patients (5). On this basis, we
estimate that the number of Chinese patients with rare genetic disease
caused by chromosomal abnormalities alone is well over 10 million.<br />
<br />
<br />
Although
monogenic diseases are less prevalent than chromosome diseases, based
on population size, they still represent a significant proportion of the
overall genetic disease burden in China. On top of the list are blood
disorders such as alpha- and beta- Thalassemia, Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
and Hemophilia, the muscle disorders Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), the metabolic disease Phenylketonuria
(PKU), the sensory disorder Hereditary Hearing Loss (HHL) and mental
disabilities such as Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). In southern China, the
incidence rates of alpha-and beta- thalassemia are among the highest in
the world, with a combined carrier rate of 11% and 23% in Guangdong and
Guangxi provinces respectively (6,7), making thalassemia the number one
rare genetic disease in these regions. However, since the average life
expectancy is less than 10 years, we estimate that the number of living
thalassemia patients in these provinces would not exceed more than
25,000. For the other monogenic diseases mentioned, disease incidence is
much lower, ranging from as high as 1 in 3,000 to as low as 1 in 10,000
individuals. Despite the low incidence rate of each individual single
gene disease, their combined total still represents a large body of
patients in China because of the sheer magnitude of the population size.
We estimate that the number of existing patients afflicted with
monogenic diseases exceeds well over a million in China.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://pubmedcentralcanada.ca/pmcc/articles/PMC4995420/<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Prevalence of congenital malformations and genetic diseases in Korea.</b><br />
<br />
<br />
1999<br />
<br />
<br />
A
nationwide investigation of congenital malformations and genetic
diseases in Korea was conducted by analyzing Medical Insurance data for
infants aged under 1 year. Medical Insurance data were obtained for 1993
and 1994 and the ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth
Revision) code was used to classify the diseases. The coverage rate of
medical insurance was approximately 95% of the total population.
Anomalies of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal
systems, in descending order of frequency, were more frequent than
anomalies in other systems. The average prevalence of cardiovascular
anomalies for 1993 and 1994 was 15 per 1000 infants, and ventricular
septal defect, with an average prevalence of about 3.50 per 1000 for
1993 and 1994, was the most frequent cardiovascular anomaly in infants.
Polydactyly was the most frequent musculoskeletal anomaly, with an
average prevalence, for 1993 and 1994, of about 1.20 per 1000 infants.
Anencephaly had the highest frequency of nervous system anomalies.
Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was the most common of the
gastrointestinal anomalies. The prevalence of the congenital
malformations and genetic diseases examined was similar to that reported
in other countries. Total medical expenses for the care of patients
with each disease entity were also estimated. The highest medical
expenses were incurred for ventricular septal defect, congenital
coagulation factor VIII disorders, atrial septal defect, tetralogy of
Fallot, and spinal anomalies, in descending order of magnitude. This
investigation could be helpful in planning social welfare systems, as
well as for elucidating the current status of congenital malformations
and genetic diseases in Korea, and in other Asian countries.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9929974<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>The Genome of a Mongolian Individual Reveals the Genetic Imprints of Mongolians on Modern Human Populations</b><br />
<br />
Dec 8, 2014<br />
<br />
<br />
https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/6/12/3122/546344/The-Genome-of-a-Mongolian-Individual-Reveals-the<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<b>Genetic disease patterns in Japan: a review.</b><br />
<br />
1992<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1427743<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Eugenics in Japan</b><br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan#Abolition_of_eugenics_laws<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b> Native Hawaiian and Pacific islander Health Disparities</b><br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.apiahf.org/sites/default/files/NHPI_Report08a_2010.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>New insights into ancestry and health of Polynesians and</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<b> New Zealand Mäori</b><br />
<br />
http://scientists.org.nz/files/posts/justinhodgkiss/NZSR73_1_Chambers.pdf<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Ancient Denisovan DNA excavated in modern Pacific Islanders</b><br />
<b>Substantial genomic remnants of the extinct Denisovans recovered in Oceania populations</b><br />
<br />
March 17, 2016<br />
<br />
Source:: University of Washington Health Sciences/UW Medicine<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{Some people debate if the following theory is correct or not}.</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Archaic human admixture with modern humans</span></h1>
<br />
<br />
<b>Archaic human admixture with modern humans</b> is thought to have taken place through interbreeding between <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_human" title="Modern human">modern humans</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovans" title="Denisovans">Denisovans</a>, as well as other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">archaic humans</a> over the course of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a>.<br />
Neanderthal-derived DNA accounts for an estimated 1–4% of the genome
of modern Eurasian populations, but it is significantly absent or
uncommon in the genome of most groups in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some
researchers have suggested that the observed data might alternatively be
explained by ancient subpopulation structure. In modern Oceanian and
Southeast Asian populations, there is a relative increase of
Denisovan-derived DNA (an estimated 4–6% of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesian" title="Melanesian">Melanesian</a>
genome is derived from Denisovans). In certain modern populations in
Africa, there is also evidence for archaic admixture with as yet
unidentified <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominin" title="Hominin">hominins</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_human_admixture_with_modern_humans<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;">A World map of Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry in modern humans</span></b></span><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b>march 28, 2016<br />
<br />
https://phys.org/news/2016-03-world-neanderthal-denisovan-ancestry-modern.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<b> The Lost Ancient Humans of Antarctica</b><br />
<br />
Feb 25, 2020<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBF0hP2_nGw<br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title">
<span style="font-size: large;">This Population Map Will Tell You If You Have Ancient Denisovan Or Neanderthal DNA In Your Genome</span></h1>
<br />
http://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/interbreeding-denisovans-may-have-contributed-human-male-infertility/<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Differences in disease frequency between Europeans and Polynesians: directions for future research into genetic risk factors.</b><br />
<br />
March, 2001<br />
<br />
The
purpose of this review is to identify complex genetic diseases that
might be common in Polynesian ethnic groups because of a high frequency
of susceptibility genes. Since a number of Polynesian ethnic groups are
descended from recent founder populations, they may be especially
suitable for studies designed to identify these genes. We have reviewed
the epidemiological literature looking for diseases that i) have a
higher frequency in at least two Polynesian groups than in Europeans
living in the same geographic areas, ii) are not at high frequency in
Polynesia entirely because of high levels of known environmental risk
factors, and iii) are known to be inherited in other ethnic groups.
Twenty-one diseases fulfilling these three criteria were identified. It
may be possible to design studies to identify the genes that cause these
diseases in Polynesian ethnic groups.<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12017815<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<b>How a Powerful Obesity Gene Helped Samoans Conquer the South Pacific</b><br />
<br />
<br />
By
studying the genomes of more than 5,000 Samoans, researchers have
uncovered a single gene that boosts a person’s obesity risk by upwards
of 40 percent. Remarkably, this gene—which appears in a quarter of all
Samoans—may have arisen in the population as they colonized the South
Pacific.<br />
<br />
As described in the latest edition of Nature
Genetics, this “thrifty” genetic variant, called CREBRF, is associated
with a 1.5 percent increase in Body Mass Index (BMI). So, for a person
of average height weighing around 180 pounds, this gene corresponds to
an extra 10 pounds. As noted by the researchers in their study, CREBRF
promotes more efficient storage of fat and features “an effect size much
larger than that of any other known common BMI risk variant.”<br />
<br />
<br />
Working
with colleagues from several universities, Stephen McGarvey from Brown
University made the discovery while scanning the genomes of thousands of
Samoans. This populations has some of the highest obesity rates in the
world, a fact that prompted the scientists to conduct a genetic
investigation. Around a quarter of all Samoans involved in the study had
the genetic variant, which was associated with 30 to 40 percent
increased odds of being obese compared to those who don’t have the gene.
At the same time, this gene is virtually non-existent in European and
African populations and occurs at very low frequencies among East
Asians.<br />
<br />
“Although we have found a genetic variant with a
reasonable biological mechanism, this genetic variant is just one part
of the many reasons for the high levels of BMI and obesity among
Samoans,” noted McGarvey in a press statement.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://gizmodo.com/how-a-powerful-obesity-gene-helped-samoans-conquer-the-1784266550<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<b>Asian genetic killer found in Polynesian men</b><br />
<br />
June 16, 2003<br />
<br />
<br />
A mysterious genetic disease that kills Asian men in their sleep also affects Polynesians, researchers have discovered.<br />
<br />
Known
as sudden unexplained death syndrome, or SUDS, it is an inherited
disorder that strikes South East Asian men aged 40 to 60 while they
sleep. The discovery of SUDS in a new population was announced at the
American Heart Association's second Asia Pacific Scientific Forum last
week.<br />
<br />
Called Lai Thai in Thailand, it rarely affects
women. As a result, in some rural Thai villages, men at risk sleep in
womens' nightclothes to ward off the 'ghoul' they believe is responsible
for killing men during sleep. <br />
<br />
But scientists know
SUDS is caused by a condition called ventricular fibrillation, when the
heart's electrical activity is out of synch, preventing the heart from
pumping enough blood to the body.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2003/06/16/877742.htm<br />
<br />
<br />
------<br />
<br />
<b>Pacific islanders pay heavy price for abandoning traditional diet</b><br />
<br />
Replacing
traditional foods with imported, processed food has contributed to the
high prevalence of obesity and related health problems in the Pacific
islands. Jane Parry reports.<br />
<br />
Scattered across the
Pacific Ocean are thousands of islands which make up three regions known
as Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Beyond the image of white sandy
beaches and carefree lifestyles, the Pacific islands are facing serious
health problems, the prime culprit being imported foods.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/7/10-010710/en/<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<b>How does Asian ancestry affect heart disease risk?</b><br />
<br />
January 19, 2016<br />
<br />
<br />
The
world is picking up the bad habits of Western culture when it comes to
health. Lifestyle – especially what you eat and how much you exercise –
has a big impact on heart disease. Unfortunately, many people are
consuming too many calories and getting too little exercise. Across the
globe, people are abandoning their traditional diets and lifestyles and
are suffering the consequences.<br />
<br />
For reasons that are
unclear, Asians and Asian Americans tend to develop diabetes at a lower
body mass index (BMI) than Caucasians. People of Asian descent who carry
20 extra pounds are at risk of developing diabetes, whereas Caucasians
usually need to carry 40 or more extra pounds before they are at risk.
This is true for people of Asian descent regardless of where in the
world they live.<br />
<br />
The literature indicates that an
astonishing 11 percent of Chinese have diabetes. Perhaps even more
amazing, 50 percent of Chinese have prediabetes, a condition that
typically emerges into diabetes. Out of 1.3 billion human beings, that’s
143 million people with diabetes and 650 million with prediabetes!<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.utswmedicine.org/stories/articles/year-2016/heart-disease-asian.html<br />
<br />
<br />
--------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Leading Causes of Death among Asian American Subgroups (2003–2011)</b><br />
<br />
Methods and Findings<br />
<br />
We
examined national mortality records for the six largest Asian subgroups
(Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) and
non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) from 2003-2011, and ranked the leading causes
of death. We calculated all-cause and cause-specific age-adjusted
rates, temporal trends with annual percent changes, and rate ratios by
race/ethnicity and sex. Rankings revealed that as an aggregated group,
cancer was the leading cause of death for Asian Americans. When
disaggregated, there was notable heterogeneity. Among women, cancer was
the leading cause of death for every group except Asian Indians. In men,
cancer was the leading cause of death among Chinese, Korean, and
Vietnamese men, while heart disease was the leading cause of death among
Asian Indians, Filipino and Japanese men. The proportion of death due
to heart disease for Asian Indian males was nearly double that of cancer
(31% vs. 18%). Temporal trends showed increased mortality of cancer and
diabetes in Asian Indians and Vietnamese; increased stroke mortality in
Asian Indians; increased suicide mortality in Koreans; and increased
mortality from Alzheimer’s disease for all racial/ethnic groups from
2003-2011. All-cause rate ratios revealed that overall mortality is
lower in Asian Americans compared to NHWs.<br />
Conclusions<br />
<br />
Our
findings show heterogeneity in the leading causes of death among Asian
American subgroups. Additional research should focus on culturally
competent and cost-effective approaches to prevent and treat specific
diseases among these growing diverse populations.<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4411112/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Rare Autoimmune Disease attacks People of Asian Descent</b><br />
<br />
6-Sep-2012<br />
<br />
<br />
Newswise
— There has been an outbreak of an adult-onset immunodeficiency
syndrome in Southeast Asia. The autoimmune disease causes AIDS-like
symptoms but is not associated with HIV and is not contagious.<br />
<br />
The
disease causes patients’ bodies to produce antibodies that attack their
own immune systems. Dr. Sarah Browne, a clinical investigator at the
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at NIH and the
lead author on the study, says that we all have molecules and proteins
that tell different immune cells when to start fighting infection. A
large number of the patients studied with serious opportunistic
infections make an antibody that blocks the function of one of these
molecules. The molecule is called interferon-gamma. Without functioning
interferon-gamma, people become more susceptible to certain types of
infections -- infections people with working immune systems normally
don't get. Interferon-gamma is a protein that helps the body fight off
infections. In those diagnosed, the immune system has begun treating
interferon-gamma as an enemy and makes an autoantibody against it, thus
making it an autoimmune condition.<br />
<br />
“These findings
provide new opportunities to understand the relationship between
immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases, the topic of a recent
AARDA-sponsored international symposium,” says Dr. Noel Rose, the
director of the Johns Hopkins Autoimmune Disease Research Center.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.newswise.com/articles/rare-autoimmune-disease-attacks-people-of-asian-descent<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Researchers find distinctive patterns of cancer in Asian-Americans</b><br />
<br />
July 11, 2007<br />
<br />
<br />
Asian-Americans,
both those born in the United States and new immigrants, have
distinctive patterns of cancer incidence that doctors should consider
when treating them, researchers have found.<br />
<br />
A report
appearing Wednesday in the journal CA is "one of the most comprehensive
summaries of cancer among Asian-Americans," according to the American
Cancer Society, which publishes the journal. The report is based on
information on cancer cases collected by the state of California from
2000 to 2002 and focuses on five ethnic groups: Chinese, Filipino,
Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese. The state has a large Asian population,
3.7 million, and carefully sorts its cancer data by ethnic group.<br />
<br />
When
all cancers are combined, Asian-Americans actually have lower rates
than other groups in the United States. But cancer is still a major
cause of death for Asians, killing more of them than heart disease.
Different groups appear prone to different types of cancer.<br />
<br />
Groups
that have been in the United States the longest are likely to develop
cancers that are most common there, like breast and colorectal cancer,
although their rates are still significantly below those of non-Hispanic
whites. The risk of those cancers may be increased by obesity,
inactivity, high alcohol intake and diets rich in fat and low in fruits
and vegetables, and the rates in Asians seem to rise gradually as they
adopt more American habits.<br />
<br />
<br />
Recent
immigrants, by contrast, tend to suffer from the same types of cancer
that are predominant in their native countries, like stomach and liver
cancer. In developing countries, those cancers are often caused by
chronic infections with certain bacteria and viruses that are routinely
treated or prevented in the United States.<br />
<br />
"I was
surprised to see the diversity in cancer among the ethnic groups," said
Melissa McCracken, an epidemiologist with the cancer society and the
first author of the report. "The group is not homogeneous. Clinicians
need to be aware of that and to really extend their scope of attention
to cancer due to infectious agents, not just typical chronic
conditions."<br />
<br />
Among the more striking findings in the
report are that Vietnamese men have incidence and death rates from liver
cancer that are seven times the rate in non-Hispanic white men, and
Korean men and women are 5 to 7 times as likely as whites to develop
stomach cancer. Other Asians are also prone to these cancers, but their
rates are generally not as high.<br />
<br />
The hepatitis B virus
is endemic in Asia, McCracken said, and chronic infection is a major
cause of liver cancer there and in recent immigrants.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/11/health/11iht-cancer.4.6617221.html<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>10 Top Asian American Health Risks</b><br />
<br />
-
The Asian American population has the highest tuberculosis case rate of
any ethnic group: 24 times greater than Caucasians. Additionally, 80%
of the population in many Asian countries test positive in tuberculin
tests, while only 5-10% of the US population test positive.<br />
<br />
20%
of Asian women older than 50 have osteoporosis and over 50% of them are
at risk. Asian American women are at a higher risk for developing
osteoporosis compared with Caucasian women.<br />
<br />
Asian
American women older than 65 have a suicide rate of 11.6 per
100,000—more than double the rate for Caucasian women in that age group.
Out of over 2,000 Asian Americans aged 18 or older, 2.7% reported
having attempted suicide at some point in their lives and 9.1% of the
group reported having had suicidal thoughts.<br />
<br />
Lung
cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among Asian American men and
third among Asian American women. Lung cancer rates among Southeast
Asian Americans are 18% higher than among Caucasians and Chinese
Americans have the highest death rates for lung cancer among Asian
American groups.<br />
<br />
Asian Americans are a high –risk group
for diabetes type 2. The risk for type 2 diabetes occurs at a lower BMI
for Asian Americans compared to other ethnic groups. Additionally,
while diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in the US in 2006,
it ranked as the fifth among Asian Americans.<br />
<br />
The
incidence rates of liver cancer in Asian American groups are 1.7 to 11.3
times higher than the rate among Caucasians. Additionally, Vietnamese
American males have the highest incidence rates of liver cancer out of
any other group in the US. Asian Americans are three times more likely
to die of liver cancer than Caucasians.<br />
<br />
Asian American
women have one of the highest rates of cervical cancer in the US and
Vietnamese American women in particular have an incidence rate five
times higher than Caucasian women.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://goldsea.com/Text/index.php?id=1596<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Ethnic Differences in BMI and Disease Risk</b><br />
<br />
<br />
The
chance of developing diabetes, heart disease, and other weight-related
health risks increases with increasing body mass index (BMI). But theres
strong evidence that at any given BMI, these health risks are markedly
higher in some ethnic groups than others.<br />
<br />
The Nurses
Health Study, for example, tracked patterns of weight gain and diabetes
development in 78,000 U.S. women, to see if there were any differences
by ethnic group. All women were healthy at the start of the study.
After 20 years, researchers found that at the same BMI, Asians had more
than double the risk of developing type 2 diabetes than whites;
Hispanics and blacks also had higher risks of diabetes than whites, but
to a lesser degree. Increases in weight over time were more harmful in
Asians than in the other ethnic groups: For every 11 pounds Asians
gained during adulthood, they had an 84 percent increase in their risk
of type 2 diabetes; Hispanics, blacks, and whites who gained weight also
had higher diabetes risks, but again, to a much lesser degree than
Asians. Several other studies have found that at the same BMI, Asians
have higher risks of hypertension and cardiovascular disease than their
white European counterparts, and a higher risk of dying early from
cardiovascular disease or any cause. <br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/ethnic-differences-in-bmi-and-disease-risk/<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Kidney Disease Most Common In Asian Populations</b><br />
<br />
Researchers
have identified five genomic regions that increase susceptibility to
IgA nephropathy, a major cause of kidney failure worldwide.<br />
<br />
<br />
AsianScientist
(Apr. 4, 2011) - Researchers have identified five regions in the human
genome that increase susceptibility to immunoglobulin A (IgA)
nephropathy, a major cause of kidney failure worldwide.<br />
<br />
The
findings, a result of long-term collaborations among investigators in
the United States, Italy, and China, was published in the April issue of
Nature Genetics.<br />
<br />
The researchers looked at the genes
of 3,144 people of Chinese and European ancestry, all of whom have IgA
nephropathy. The disease occurs when abnormal IgA antibodies deposit on
the delicate filtering portion of the kidney and form tangles. The
immune system tries to get rid of the tangles, but the kidneys are
caught in the crossfire, further destroying the delicate filters.<br />
<br />
Worldwide
prevalence of IgA nephropathy appears highest in Asia and southern
Europe, and rare in Africans. The frequency of genetic risk variants was
similarly highest in Chinese people, intermediate in Europeans and
lowest in Africans.<br />
<br />
The "beauty" of this study,
according to Dr. Rebekah Rasooly, was that nobody had suspected the
association of the immune basis of IgA nephropathy with kidney diseases.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.asianscientist.com/2011/04/health/kidney-disease-common-asian-populations/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------------------<br />
<br />
<b>Chronic diseases: Asia's emerging health threat</b><br />
<br />
Jan 29, 2013<br />
<br />
<br />
Two
in three deaths worldwide (34.5 million) were from chronic diseases in
2010 - an increase of about eight million between 1990 and 2010,
according to the landmark Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 published
in The Lancet last month, a collaborative project by nearly 500
scientists from more than 300 institutions in 50 countries..<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/health/article/1137943/chronic-diseases-asias-emerging-health-threat<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------------------------<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Inherited metabolic disorders in Thailand.</span></h1>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aug 2002 </span></span></h1>
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12403250<br />
<br />
---------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="content-title">
<span style="font-size: small;">Genetic Hemoglobin Disorders, Infection, and Deficiencies of Iron and Vitamin A Determine Anemia in Young Cambodian Children</span></h1>
<h1 class="content-title">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span></h1>
April 2012<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3301994/<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">Genetic disorders in a paediatric hospital in Cambodia.</span></h1>
March 2005<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16096216<br />
<br />
-------------------<br />
<br />
<b> Rare Disorders in Malaysia: Rare and Special</b><br />
<br />
http://www.mrds.org.my/2008%20Rare%20Disorders%20MRDS.pdf<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="content-title">
<span style="font-size: small;">Genetics and genomic medicine in Indonesia</span></h1>
March 2017<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5370234/<br />
<br />
------------------ <br />
<h1 class="page-header">
<span style="font-size: small;">Indonesia's Many Human Physical Deformities: A Closer Look</span></h1>
February 6, 2016<br />
<br />
http://www.acsh.org/news/2016/02/06/matt-whats-up-in-indonesia<br />
<br />
-----------------<br />
<br />
<b>Indonesia lacks qualified doctors, medication to treat rare diseases</b><br />
<br />
March 8, 2017<br />
<br />
https://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/the-jakarta-post/20170308/281603830260773<br />
<br />
---------------- <br />
<br />
<b>Birth Defects In South-east Asia </b><br />
<b>A Public Health Challenge</b><br />
<br />
http://apps.searo.who.int/PDS_DOCS/B4962.pdf<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<b>Blood Mercury Reporting in NHANES: Identifying Asian, Pacific Islander, Native American, and Multiracial Groups</b><br />
<br />
Sep 2005<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1367827/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Shift from traditional foods takes toll on Alaska Native populations</b><br />
<br />
2016<br />
<br />
https://www.adn.com/rural-alaska/article/processed-food-comes-diabetes-obesity-alaska-natives/2014/09/29/<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--------------- <br />
<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Man-made chemicals blamed as many more girls than boys are born in Arctic</b><br />
<br />
2007<br />
<br />
· High levels can change sex of child during pregnancy<br />
· Survey of Greenland and east Russia puts ratio at 2:1 <br />
<br />
Twice
as many girls as boys are being born in some Arctic villages because of
high levels of man-made chemicals in the blood of pregnant women,
according to scientists from the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment
Programme (Amap).<br />
<br />
The scientists, who say the findings
could explain the recent excess of girl babies across much of the
northern hemisphere, are widening their investigation across the most
acutely affected communities in Russia, Greenland and Canada to try to
discover the size of the imbalance in Inuit communities of the far
north.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/12/gender.sciencenews<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------- <br />
<br />
<b>Health Problems in Chinese Children Are Different</b><br />
<br />
<br />
Introduction<br />
<br />
"Different
race has different face",1 this saying obviously applies to Chinese
children, as they do look different from children of other ethnic
origins. In fact, many health problems are different in Chinese children
also.2-6 Genetic conditions account for some of the differences.
Well-known examples can be found in the thalassaemia syndromes which are
highly prevalent in southern Chinese,7,8 or cystic fibrosis which is
very rare in Chinese,2 although it is the most common chronic lung
problem in Caucasians.9<br />
<br />
Traditions usually exert major
influences on all kinds of child-care practices in the Chinese
culture.2-6,10-13 Many medical and health problems demonstrate strong
cultural characteristics. As improvement in socio-economic conditions
and changes in life-style together with trends towards westernization
have occurred in many Chinese communities2,4,5,10,12,13 in recent years,
there are associated significant changes of disease pattern in the
children also.2,4,10,12,13 Such changes appear to occur in children who
have migrated to take up residence in overseas places as well.<br />
<br />
This
paper reviews some of the documentations and the author's personal
observations on the differences commonly identified in children of
Chinese origin.<br />
<br />
<br />
Background<br />
<br />
Chinese
people comprise of five major ethnic groups,14 viz. Han (?), Man
(Manchurians ?), Mong (Mongolians ?), Hwei (Islamics ?), Zhuang
(Tibetans ?). Han is the majority. There are many other "ethnic minority
groups" whose features sometimes draw some similarities to the people
of the bordering countries. For example, a small group in south-western
China has some Persian features; a few people in the North-west look
Russian. Most of the Manchurians, Mongolians and Hweis have integrated
into the Han society and have become indistinguishable from the Hans,
from whom most of the reports regarded as Chinese are based.<br />
<br />
<br />
External Features<br />
<br />
At
birth, the Chinese infant has a broader face, often with depressed
nasal bridge (Table 1).1,2,5,10,15-24 He does not look "yellow", as his
skin pigmentation usually takes days, often weeks to establish. More
than one in ten infants have up-slanting eyes. One in four has "low-set
ears" by Western standard. The head is usually not as elongated as the
Caucasians. This could be due to the supine-sleeping position2,12,25,26
resulting in flattening of the occiput rather than an oblong shape
assumed by the head lying on its sides from the prone-sleeping posture.<br />
<br />
Of
the many external features as listed in Table 1, particularly
note-worthy are the "Mongolian blue spots" which are present in nearly
all newborns.15 These skin patches, many of them can be quite large
around the buttocks, persist till 5-6 years old; and such features
should not to be mistaken for "child abuse" by the inexperienced. It is
interesting also to note that Chinese children born or raised in
temperate regions such as North America are generally less pigmented and
not as "yellow" as their cousins who live in China.<br />
<br />
<br />
Child Growth<br />
<br />
"Chinese
are born small and remain small all through childhood",27-29 this is a
common misconception. Such belief was apparently based on observations
made in days when the nutritional status and health care facilities were
poor. Recent studies conducted in more developed Chinese communities,
like Hong Kong, have indicated that both the intra-uterine30 and
childhood growth grids are similar if not identical to the National
Council of Health Standards (NCHS) curves of U.S.A. These secular
changes appear not influenced by previously presumed genetic and ethnic
factors as some workers have suggested. <br />
<br />
Already
Chinese teenagers of Hong Kong in the late 1980s were 4.2 - 6.7 cm
taller than those in the late 1960s.31 Similar secular growth trends are
occurring in various big cities in Mainland China29,33-35 and Taiwan.36
One study showed that the femur length was shorter,37 and several
surveys have shown that Chinese children in certain big cities of North
America are shorter and lighter26,38 than the Caucasian-Americans. These
findings could be the result of certain traditional feeding practices
which have been found to provide less than optimal dietary intake for
the growing Chinese children rather than because of their ethnic
endowment.<br />
<br />
<br />
Congenital Abnormalities<br />
<br />
Congenital
anomalies as listed in Table 3 are some examples quite unique in
Chinese. Uncommon occurrences of neural-tube defects50-52 appear to be
due to the plentiful vegetables with folic acid in the southern Chinese
diet.51 In a study of supplementing women with folic acid in several
northern provinces in China, significant reduction of neural tube
disorders has resulted.53 Other conditions like meconium ileus and
meconium-plug syndrome from cystic fibrosis2,5,6,9 are extremely rare
occurrences,5,6 very different from the experience drawn from Europe and
North America.<br />
<br />
Congenital conditions which are much
less common in Chinese also include congenital dislocation of hips (CDH)
which was found to be ten times less common compared with the
Caucasians,54 pulmonary hypoplasia from renal agenesis and congenital
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.55,56 Strictly speaking, pyloric stenosis
is an acquired condition, as most infants only develop symptoms days,
sometimes even weeks, after birth. Local experience has indicated its
occurrence is on the rise in recent years. If such observation holds
true, it may suggest an etiologic relationship to many recently
introduced perinatal interventional therapies which may be stressful to
the infants, resulting in increased vagal discharges and smooth muscle
hypertrophy as a response around the pylorus.<br />
<br />
The
incidence of congenital heart defects is similar to Caucasians, but the
pattern of heart defects is different.57,58 There are more right heart
obstructive lesions and less hypoplastic left heart syndrome (Table 4).
Cardiovascular defects associated with Chinese children with Down
syndrome are also different (Table 4);59 the commonest problem is not
atrio-ventricular cushion defect as noted in the western literature but
ventricular septal defect. Although the frequency of congenital heart
block has not been clearly documented, one might suspect that it would
be higher, as there are many more young Chinese women with systemic
lupus erythematosis.60,61<br />
<br />
Hydrops fetalis due to
a-thalassaemia is common.7 4.5% and 4% of a southern Chinese school-age
population have been found to be carriers of the a & b thalassaemia
genes respectively.8 While infants with hydrops fetalis due to
a-thalassaemia either die in-utero or soon after birth, children with
b-thalassaemia major usually require monthly blood-transfusions and
daily chelation therapy to sustain life. 4.42% boys and 0.45% girls62
were found to be severely deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
(G-6-P D). Such enzyme defect had accounted for a very high incidence
of neonatal jaundice and kernicterus (Figure 1) in the past;63-66 even
in older children haemolytic anaemia often occurs in association with an
infection, in particular with hepatitis and typhoid fever, or
precipitated by an oxidizing agent. Hare-lips and cleft palate which
were noted to be more prevalent in Chinese previously49,67 have recently
been found to be similar in incidence67 as in other reports.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Conclusion<br />
<br />
Chinese
children are different from other ethnic people, not only in their look
but also in many medical and health conditions. Genetic disorders
account for some differences, most of the other conditions appear to be
affected by environmental factors and traditional practices. As there
are much movements of Chinese people to take up residence in overseas
places in recent years, it is important for child care workers to be
alerted to some of the unique features of Chinese children to avoid
misunderstanding and even possible mis-management<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.cchi.com.hk/specialtopic/case3/<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>South Asian health issues</b><br />
<b>Diabetes and heart disease</b><br />
<br />
People
in the UK from south Asian communities are about twice as likely to
develop diabetes compared with people from white European backgrounds.<br />
<br />
South Asian people are also more likely to develop diabetes at a younger age.<br />
<br />
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is also more common in south Asian people, as is the risk of dying early from CHD.<br />
<br />
Experts aren’t sure why this is the case, but it may be linked to diet, lifestyle and different ways of storing fat in the body.<br />
Children and diabetes<br />
<br />
Children of south Asian origin in the UK are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than white European children.<br />
<br />
Weight
gain caused by eating traditional foods high in sugar and fat,
alongside Western "fast foods", is thought to be a contributing factor,
according to Diabetes UK.<br />
Eye health and kidney health<br />
<br />
The
eye condition acute glaucoma and chronic kidney disease can affect
anybody, but people from south Asian communities have a higher risk.<br />
<br />
Having
diabetes increases the chances of developing kidney disease, and
research suggests that diabetes can also raise the risk of glaucoma.<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/SouthAsianhealth/Pages/Overview.aspx<br />
<br />
<br />
------------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Bai
fu mei: China’s obsession with white skin and ‘trophy’ partners may
stem from genetic mutation 15,000 years ago, scientists say</b><br />
<br />
Jan 12, 2016<br />
<br />
Men
in the country can often seem obsessed with fair skin, especially in a
partner, while many women have in the past favoured a Caucasian or
“trophy” husband. This has long been dismissed as a social, economic or
cultural problem, but new evidence suggests it may stem from a genetic
predisposition.<br />
<br />
New international study led by Chinese
team finds the diverging complexions of Han Chinese and native Africans
and Southeast Asians was caused by a mutation of the OCA2 gene 15,224
years ago<br />
<br />
<br />
For thousands of years, China was
ruled by pale-looking nobles in the north, and the invasion of Europeans
in its more modern history further added to the perception that a white
skin colouring was somehow superior.<br />
<br />
<br />
But
the new study found that the phenomenon could have a biological
explanation dating back to prehistoric times as the relatively light
skin colouring of the Han Chinese may derive from the same gene held
responsible for a number of diseases.<br />
<br />
<br />
The
researchers from China, the United States and Europe analysed genetic
samples from more than 1,000 individuals and found that the fairer skin
of the Han Chinese in comparison to people from Africa and Southeast
Asia was caused by a mutation of the OCA2 gene.<br />
<br />
One of
the gene’s main functions is to help transport tyrosine, an amino acid
used as a raw material in synthesising melanin, a pigment that
determines skin colouration .<br />
<br />
<br />
The mutated
version of the gene has been linked to many diseases, such as albinism,
acute eye inflammation, Angelman syndrome (characterised by mental
disability and jerky movements), learning difficulties and obsessive
eating, to name but a few.<br />
<br />
<br />
The team of
researchers were led by Professor Su Bing at the Kunming Institute of
Zoology in Yunnan province, and Meng Anming from Tsinghua University in
Beijing.<br />
<br />
They estimated that the mutated genes which
led to the fairer skin of the Han Chinese occurred some 15,224 years
ago. This happened after that group’s ancestors migrated up north from
Southwest China and Southeast Asia about 25,000 – 30,000 years ago.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This
dark colouring would have served as a natural form of defence “against
the harmful effects of UV radiation, including protection against
sunburn and folate destruction”, according to the team’s paper published
in the latest issue of the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution.<br />
<br />
But
in north China, which experiences less sunshine than other parts of the
country, the whiter skin allowed the body to absorb more sunlight to
prevent a deficiency of vitamin D. A shortage of this can lead to
fragile or brittle bones, cardiovascular problems and cognitive
impairments.<br />
<br />
<br />
According to the laws of
natural selection, those with lighter skin were fitter for survival in
the new environment. They may also have enjoyed other physical
advantages such as being taller with stronger bones and perhaps a
greater intelligence, studies show.<br />
<br />
Another interesting
discovery of the latest study was that the same OCA2 mutation was not
detected among Europeans, who also underwent a shift to paler skin after
the first modern humans moved out of Africa.<br />
<br />
But the
evolution of people’s skin colour in Europe took place on a completely
different set of genes such as SLC24A5 and SLC45A2, according to other
studies.<br />
<br />
<br />
The genetic difference between Han
Chinese and Europeans implied “independent skin-lightening in both East
Asians and Europeans”, the scientists said.<br />
<br />
But they said other environmental and biological factors could not be ruled out, either.<br />
<br />
“Dietary changes and/or sexual selection … may also have created selective pressure in skin lightening,” they wrote.<br />
<br />
And that “selective pressure” has shown scant sign of easing up.<br />
<br />
A
quick pore through a Chinese search engine quickly reveals what many
modern Chinese woman aspire to be: Bai-fu-mei. This portmanteau of three
Chinese characters - “white”, “rich”, “beautiful” - puts white first,
even though in today’s China, wealth is for many the most desirable
quality.<br />
<br />
A study by market research company Mintel last
year found that more than 95 per cent of Chinese women aged 20 to 49
had used facial masks to whiten their face - or three times as many as
in Britain.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.scmp.com/tech/science-research/article/1900084/bai-fu-mei-chinas-obsession-white-skin-and-trophy-partners-may<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>What genetics reveals about traditional Chinese medicine</b><br />
<br />
January 6, 2017<br />
<br />
<br />
Impacting genes<br />
<br />
Can
Chinese medicine impact the human genome, and deliver on its promises? A
variety of individual responses to these therapies might be explained
by epigenetic influences on gene expression.<br />
<br />
A
Korean research team found in mice that stimulating a specific
acupuncture point associated with neurostimulation and Parkinson’s
disease changed the expression levels of 799 genes. These genes could
become biomarkers that indicate changes in neuronal activity and
possibly point to treatments for the disease.<br />
A Chinese group
found changes in mRNA and protein expression in mouse lung tissue after
stimulation of three acupoints with acupuncture needles. These
expression changes appear to affect regulation of macromolecular
biosynthesis, transportation and metabolism, the team reported.<br />
A Taiwanese team analyzing 3,294 medicinal herbs and other compounds
found that 36 percent of them worked with histone-modifying enzymes, and
one-third of those promoted chromatin condensation, which compacts
chromosomes and affects DNA repair and gene expression.<br />
<br />
Natural isn’t harmless<br />
<br />
Not
all traditional medicines are beneficial, however. In fact, any
responsible practitioner or specialist will warn that herbal treatments
can be hazardous.<br />
<br />
Aristolochic acid, which is part of
many traditional Chinese preparations for menstrual cramps, rheumatism
and (sometimes) weight loss, was also associated with kidney failure and
urinary tract cancer, two studies reported.<br />
<br />
In
addition, traditional Chinese preparations have been found to contain
heavy metals and plant toxins. Cases of adverse reactions have been
reported, including some deaths. These concoctions are not regulated in
either the US or Europe as drugs, but they can have powerful actions by
themselves and equally powerful interactions with prescription drugs.<br />
<br />
Another
issue with Chinese traditional medicines has been identifying the
ingredients of any individual herbal preparation. This issue has stemmed
from either contaminants or the use of a substitute compound from
similar, but not identical, species of plant. Since more than 5,000
species are used for therapies, and most of them are animal- or
plant-derived organics, such identification has been difficult. But
high-throughput screening and new whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing
analysis has permitted scientists to more precisely determine what’s in
the mix.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2017/01/06/what-genetics-reveals-about-traditional-chinese-medicine/<br />
<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Simple blood test can detect genetic diseases early in pregnancy</b><br />
<br />
Together,
single-gene disorders are more common than Down’s syndrome. Now there’s
a safe prenatal test that can help prospective parents decide what to
do<br />
<br />
https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23331074-100-simple-blood-test-can-detect-genetic-diseases-early-in-pregnancy/<br />
<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Dysgenics</span></h1>
<b>Dysgenics</b> (rarely <b>cacogenics</b>)
is the study of factors producing the accumulation and perpetuation of
defective or disadvantageous genes and traits in offspring of a
particular population or species.<br />
<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysgenics<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">
<span style="font-size: large;">Eugenics</span></h1>
Eugenicsis a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population. The exact definition of eugenics has been a matter of debate since the term was coined by Francis Galton in 1883. The concept predates this coinage, with Plato suggesting applying the principles of selective breeding to humans around 400 BCE.<br />
<br />
Frederick Osborn's 1937 journal article "Development of a Eugenic Philosophy] framed it as a social philosophy—that is, a philosophy with implications for social order. That definition is not universally accepted. Osborn advocated for higher rates of sexual reproduction among people with desired traits (positive eugenics), or reduced rates of sexual reproduction and sterilization of people with less-desired or undesired traits (negative eugenics).<br />
<br />
Alternatively, gene selection rather than "people selection" has
recently been made possible through advances in genome editing, leading
to what is sometimes called new eugenics, also known as neo-eugenics,
consumer eugenics, or liberal eugenics.<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics<br />
<br />
---------<br />
<br />
<h1 class="articleTitle">
<span style="font-size: small;">An Expanded View of Complex Traits: From Polygenic to Omnigenic</span></h1>
http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)30629-3<br />
<br />
<br />
-------------<br />
----------<br />
----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Chapter 5: The 5 Percent Nation of Islam & Masonry</b><br />
<br />
<br />
----------<br />
----------<br />
------------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #38761d;"><b>{We are calling for the removal of all Muslims and the 5% Nation of Islam members to be removed from Europe and America}.</b></span>
<br />
<br />
------ <br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Lord Jamar on Jay Z's 5% Chain & White Man Being Devil -</span></b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7mAD9noJNJ8<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<h1 class="title style-scope ytd-video-primary-info-renderer">
<span style="font-size: large;">THE TRUTH ABOUT JAY-Z'S SATANIC LEGACY AND 444</span></h1>
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OEef8jNM6RY<br />
<br />
<br />
----- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Jay Z the Luciferian </b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=jay+z+luciferian<br />
<br />
----- <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Gza & 5% Nation, 2nd Racewars Dream & Obama ! (When I Thought
Obama Wasn't The Antichrist) </span></b><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYxPBY4lUNY<br />
<br />
<br />
----- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Akbar Muhammad on Clarence 13x Separating From The Nation Of Islam </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouYf6uSLT0o<br />
<br />
------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The Greatest Story Never Told - The Story Of Clarence 13X </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbdEF6rsckg<br />
<br />
------ <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b> Born Mastermind Allah: The Black Physiology War Machine </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxIN5n3WQ4c<br />
<br />
-------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>120 Lessons & 360 Degrees/Books: Knowledge Of Self </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZoDcJdHPds<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Asiatic Blackman World Manifest (Five Percent Nation)</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAn9qebHYVU<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Mike Tyson speaks on the 5 Percenters </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aB8aUGoYIFI<br />
<br />
------ <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Min Farrakhan speaks on 10% and 5%</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtTwy-U7AY4<br />
<br />
<br />
-----<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Freemasonry Exposed: What Every Christian Should Know</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mJk22JXMRcE<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
---- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>33 Degree Freemasonry - The Egyptian Christian Mystery Tradition </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbf992P92kQ<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Now Allah 'The Five Percenter' </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofyHZjAU_Vo<br />
<br />
----- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Truth or Square 'The Five Percent Nation' </b></span><br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1SPfywI1Yw<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>True 5%ers, LA first born, Teaching the right way</b></span> -<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBq5bkSiimg<br />
<br />
------ <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Alex Jones mentioning 360 degrees in Masonry </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWLGVjNpuuE<br />
<br />
------ <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Who Are The Five Percent | Vintage Wisdom Edition </b></span>-<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWNWtYNQEZs<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
------ <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>BORN KING ALLAH: FIVE PERCENTER NEWSPAPER SAVIOR 2/23/2014</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sBhNWmiHkc<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
--- <br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>120 Lessons & 360 Degrees 5% Nation</b></span> -<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AzzvKLdn9g<br />
<br />
---- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Supreme Mathematics & Supreme Alphabets 'The Five Percent Nation' </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLvJCoQQsyE<br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Who is the 5%? </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJAX4Jnz6nM<br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Muslim Gods, 5 Pretenders, and What Black woman need to do.... </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VR0vq4Z6TTM<br />
<br />
--------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>KINGASIATIC ALLAH - Exclusive Interview - Nation of Gods & Earths </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ke8ScPnMyTk<br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>God Allah Sha Building on the Basic of the 5% </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7onJBj6EJc<br />
<br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Five Percent Nation Gods and Earths III </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhA046fnzas<br />
<br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>CLARENCE 13X & THE FIVE PERCENTERS: A QUICK EXAMINATION</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeusqGdmghg<br />
<br />
------------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Today's Math: A Five Percenter from Bangladesh </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruuLpk6uZ10<br />
<br />
<br />
------------ <br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">We are NOT Muslims </span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSCLAdW_1cQ<br />
<br />
----------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>GOD MC RAKIM on being a 5 PERCENTER </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8FF0TIT0ho<br />
<br />
<br />
------------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>'Lord Just' Builds about Five Percenter History (Atlantis Build)</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ex5txzcNrV4<br />
<br />
<br />
-----------<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>112116 Who are The Gods and Earths? </b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKaAySUeNa4<br />
<br />
<br />
------------- <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Five Percenters & Allah U Reality The Real God</b></span><br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZZRmk-DUxI<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">CLARENCE 13X aka ALLAH aka CLARENCE SMITH JOWERS of The 5%</span> </b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBUFZQSen6U<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Bro. C. Freeman-El | I Self Law Am Master (Full Version)</b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHBYfbkepSQ<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Grand Master C. Freeman El: "THE MOOR" </b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7LTKYAuZ-M<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Bro. C. Freeman El | Esther: Book of the Goddess - Pt. 3/3 </b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jR5XgYHhnKI<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Dr. Alim El Bey: FREEMASONRY, MERKABAHS & THE ESOTERIC HUMAN ANATOMY (NEW)</span> -</b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k57mRCWQS-8<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>5%ers vs Natural Tehuti</b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pHiD1_37LnQ<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>5 Percent Of Nothing </b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqb2pDKPPs8<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Farrakhan on Five Percent Nation Founder Clarence 13X </b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1D5kdOie2A<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The NOI's Supreme Wisdom Lessons </b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzUjwrmNl8k<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>112116 Who are The 85%? The 10%? Who are the 5 Percenters? </b></span><br />
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lN0RRq1t5fM<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Race and Reason </b></span><br />
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http://www.jrbooksonline.com/PDFs/Race_and_Reason.pdf<br />
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View our Second book on Dysgenics called Race Dysgenics - RaceDysgenics.Blogspot.com<br />
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<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">{To continue this discussion, view the following articles below}.</span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> Islamic Sharia Law & Genocide - The Middle East Conflict Investigation - IslamicShariaGenocdie.Blogspot.com</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">A Donald Trump Investigation 5-11-2016 - Donaldtrumpinvestigation.blogspot.com</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Genetically Modified Vaccines Investigated - The Eugenics Investigation - Gmovaccinesinvestigated.blogspot.com/</span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">Genetically Modified Humans & Viruses Investigated - The Eugenics Investigation - Gmohumansandviruses.blogspot.com</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: #38761d;">The DuPont Investigation - Dupontinvestigation.Blogspot.com</span></b><br />
<br />
5/12/2019 - Race Virus 101 - The Eugenics Investigation (The Dysgenics Investigation) - https://racevirus101.blogspot.com<br />
<br />
1/8/2020 - Race Dysgenics Brazil | Eugenics in Brazil - https://eugenicsbrazil.blogspot.com<br />
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<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> For more information on biotechnology, nanotechnology and </span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> genetically modified organisms, view our website </span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: #38761d;"> MonsantoInvestigation.com</span></b>
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<br />The Climate investigationshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10269393341499282254noreply@blogger.com1